劍橋雅思真題閱讀解析：Should we try to bring extinct species back to life?

劍橋雅思真題閱讀解析：Should we try to bring extinct species back to life?

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.

Should we try to bring extinct species back to life?

AThe passenger pigeon was a legendary species. Flying in vast numbers across North America, with potentially many millions within a single flock, their migration was once one of nature's great spectacles. Sadly, the passenger pigeon's existence came to an end on 1 September 1914, when the last living specimen died at Cincinnati Zoo. Geneticist Ben Novak is lead researcher on an ambitious project which now aims to bring the bird back to life through a process known as 'de-extinction'. The basic premise involves using cloning technology to turn the DNA of extinct animals into a fertilised embryo, which is carried by the nearest relative still in existence - in this case, the abundant band-tailed pigeon - before being born as a living, breathing animal. Passenger pigeons are one of the pioneering species in this field, but they are far from the only ones on which this cutting-edge technology is being trialled.

BIn Australia, the thylacine, more commonly known as the Tasmanian tiger, is another extinct creature which genetic scientists are striving to bring back to life. 'There is no carnivore now in Tasmania that fills the niche which thylacines once occupied,' explains Michael Archer of the University of New South Wales. He points out that in the decades since the thylacine went extinct, there has been a spread in a 'dangerously debilitating' facial tumour syndrome which threatens the existence of the Tasmanian devils, the island's other notorious resident. Thylacines would have prevented this spread because they would have killed significant numbers of Tasmanian devils. 'If that contagious cancer had popped up previously, it would have burned out in whatever region it started. The return of thylacines to Tasmania could help to ensure that devils are never again subjected to risks of this kind.'

CIf extinct species can be brought back to life, can humanity begin to correct the damage it has caused to the natural world over the past few millennia? 'The idea of de-extinction is that we can reverse this process, bringing species that no longer exist back to life,' says Beth Shapiro of University of California Santa Cruz's Genomics Institute. 'I don't think that we can do this. There is no way to bring back something that is 100 per cent identical to a species that went extinct a long time ago.' A more practical approach for long-extinct species is to take the DNA of existing species as a template, ready for the insertion of strands of extinct animal DNA to create something new; a hybrid, based on the living species, but which looks and/or acts like the animal which died out.

DThis complicated process and questionable outcome begs the question: what is the actual point of this technology? 'For us, the goal has always been replacing the extinct species with a suitable replacement,' explains Novak. 'When it comes to breeding, band-tailed pigeons scatter and make maybe one or two nests per hectare, whereas passenger pigeons were very social and would make 10,000 or more nests in one hectare.' Since the disappearance of this key species, ecosystems in the eastern US have suffered, as the lack of disturbance caused by thousands of passenger pigeons wrecking trees and branches means there has been minimal need for regrowth. This has left forests stagnant and therefore unwelcoming to the plants and animals which evolved to help regenerate the forest after a disturbance. According to Novak, a hybridised band-tailed pigeon, with the added nesting habits of a passenger pigeon, could, in theory, re-establish that forest disturbance, thereby creating a habitat necessary for a great many other native species to thrive.

EAnother popular candidate for this technology is the woolly mammoth. George Church, professor at Harvard Medical School and leader of the Woolly Mammoth Revival Project, has been focusing on cold resistance, the main way in which the extinct woolly mammoth and its nearest living relative, the Asian elephant, differ. By pinpointing which genetic traits made it possible for mammoths to survive the icy climate of the tundra, the project's goal is to return mammoths, or a mammoth-like species, to the area. 'My highest priority would be preserving the endangered Asian elephant,' says Church, 'expanding their range to the huge ecosystem of the tundra. Necessary adaptations would include smaller ears, thicker hair, and extra insulating fat, all for the purpose of reducing heat loss in the tundra, and all traits found in the now extinct woolly mammoth.' This repopulation of the tundra and boreal forests of Eurasia and North America with large mammals could also be a useful factor in reducing carbon emissions - elephants punch holes through snow and knock down trees, which encourages grass growth. This grass growth would reduce temperatures, and mitigate emissions from melting permafrost.

FWhile the prospect of bringing extinct animals back to life might capture imaginations, it is, of course, far easier to try to save an existing species which is merely threatened with extinction. 'Many of the technologies that people have in mind when they think about de-extinction can be used as a form of "genetic rescue",' explains Shapiro. She prefers to focus the debate on how this emerging technology could be used to fully understand why various species went extinct in the first place, and therefore how we could use it to make genetic modifications which could prevent mass extinctions in the future. 'I would also say there's an incredible moral hazard to not do anything at all; she continues. "We know that what we are doing today is not enough, and we have to be willing to take some calculated and measured risks.'

Questions 14-17

Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A-F.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.

NB You may use any letter more than once.

14 a reference to how further disappearance of multiple species could be avoided

15 explanation of a way of reproducing an extinct animal using the DNA of only that species

16 reference to a habitat which has suffered following the extinction of a species

17 mention of the exact point at which a particular species became extinct

Questions 18-22

Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 18-22 on your answer sheet.

The woolly mammoth revival project

Professor George Church and his team are trying to identify the

18………….. which enabled mammoths to live in the tundra. The findings could help preserve the mammoth's close relative, the endangered Asian elephant.

According to Church, introducing Asian elephants to the tundra would involve certain physical adaptations to minimise 19………….. .To survive in the tundra, the species would need to have the mammoth-like features of thicker hair, 20………….. of a reduced size and more 21………….. .

Repopulating the tundra with mammoths or Asian elephant/mammoth hybrids would also have an impact on the environment, which could help to reduce temperatures and decrease 22………….. .

Questions 23-26

Look at the following statements (Questions 23-26) and the list of people below.

Match each statement with the correct person, A, B or C.

Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet.

23 Reintroducing an extinct species to its original habitat could improve the health of a particular species living there.

24 It is important to concentrate on the causes of an animal's extinction.

25 A species brought back from extinction could have an important beneficial impact on the vegetation of its habitat.

26 Our current efforts at preserving biodiversity are insufficient.

List of People

A Ben Novak

B Michael Archer

C Beth Shapiro

02

譯文

我們應(yīng)該把那些業(yè)已滅絕的物種復(fù)活回來嗎?

旅鴿是一個(gè)傳奇般的物種。以眾多的數(shù)量飛越北美洲的上空，僅僅一群里就可能有著數(shù)以百萬計(jì)只個(gè)體，它們的遷徙之旅曾是自然界中最壯觀的奇景之一。令人悲傷的是，旅鴿這個(gè)物種的存在終止在了1914年的9月1日，那一天最后一只活體在辛辛那提動(dòng)物園里死去?；?qū)W家Ben Novak是一個(gè)宏偉項(xiàng)目的首席研究員，這個(gè)項(xiàng)目當(dāng)前的目標(biāo)是通過一種被稱為“逆轉(zhuǎn)滅絕”的過程令這種鳥類復(fù)生。其基本原理是利用克隆技術(shù)將已滅絕動(dòng)物的基因放進(jìn)一顆受精胚胎中，由其現(xiàn)存于世的血緣最接近的親緣物種——這一次是數(shù)量豐富的斑尾鴿——來孕育一個(gè)活生生的、有呼吸的動(dòng)物。旅鴿是這個(gè)領(lǐng)域中率先進(jìn)行嘗試的物種之一，但它們遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不是這項(xiàng)前沿技術(shù)正在進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)的唯一生物。

在澳大利亞，袋狼，或者更廣為人知的名字是塔斯馬尼亞虎，是基因科學(xué)家們正在努力嘗試復(fù)活的另外一種已經(jīng)滅絕的生物?！艾F(xiàn)如今在塔斯馬尼亞沒有任何肉食動(dòng)物可以填補(bǔ)袋狼先前所占據(jù)的位置?！毙履贤柺看髮W(xué)的Michael Archer這樣解釋道。他指出，自從袋狼滅絕的幾十年以來，一種“頗具殺傷力的”面部腫瘤癥狀四下傳播，威脅到了這座島上另外一種聲名遠(yuǎn)播的住客——袋獾——的生存。袋狼原本是可以阻止這場(chǎng)傳播的，因?yàn)樗鼈儽緛頃?huì)捕殺足夠多數(shù)量的袋獾。“如果那種傳染性的癌癥是在先前爆發(fā)出來的，其苗頭無論始自哪個(gè)區(qū)域都會(huì)就地熄滅。袋狼在塔斯馬尼亞的回歸將能夠確保袋獐永不再受這類風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的影響?！?/p>

如果已滅絕物種可以被復(fù)活的話，人類能開始改正自己在過去幾千年間給自然界造成的種種破 壞么?“逆轉(zhuǎn)滅絕的理念是我們可以扭轉(zhuǎn)這個(gè)過程，將那些不再存在于世的物種帶回來?！奔永Ｄ醽喆髮W(xué)圣克魯茲分校基因組學(xué)研究所的Beth Shapiro這樣說道。“我不認(rèn)為我們能做到這樣。不可能將一個(gè)很久以前就已滅絕的物種百分之百完全一樣地復(fù)活回來?！睂?duì)于滅絕已久的那些物種，一個(gè)更現(xiàn)實(shí)的辦法是提取現(xiàn)有物種的DNA作為底板，插入已滅絕物種的DNA片段來創(chuàng)造一種新的生命；一個(gè)雜交品種，基于現(xiàn)存的物種，但看上去和/或在行為上與那種已經(jīng)滅絕的動(dòng)物很相像。

這一復(fù)雜過程和可質(zhì)疑的結(jié)果引發(fā)了這樣一個(gè)問題：這種技術(shù)的實(shí)際意義何在? “對(duì)于我們來說，目標(biāo)一直都是用_個(gè)合適的替代者來接替那些已經(jīng)滅絕的物種。"Novak這樣解釋道?！爱?dāng)說到品種這個(gè)問題時(shí)，斑尾鴿是四下分散棲息的，也許每公頃內(nèi)也就造一或兩個(gè)窩巢，而旅鴿卻是非常社交性的物種，在一公頃的范圍內(nèi)有可能會(huì)造上一萬個(gè)甚至更多的巢?！弊詮倪@個(gè)關(guān)鍵物種消失以來，美國東部的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)遭受到了損害，因?yàn)椴辉儆谐汕先f只旅鴿給樹木和枝干帶來一定破壞，也就意味著基本沒有了重新生長(zhǎng)的需要。這就使得森林里一片死氣沉沉，因此對(duì)那些進(jìn)化出來就是為了幫助森林在遭受破壞之后重?zé)ㄉ鷻C(jī)的植物和動(dòng)物來說也就失去了吸引力。按照Novak的說法，一種雜交之后的斑尾鴿，增添了旅鴿筑巢的習(xí)性之后，就能夠——在理論上——重建對(duì)森林的擾動(dòng)，并由此創(chuàng)造出一個(gè)能令許多其他本土物種在其中興旺繁衍的棲息地。

這項(xiàng)技術(shù)的另一個(gè)呼聲很高的運(yùn)用對(duì)象是猛犸象。哈佛醫(yī)學(xué)院教授和猛碼象復(fù)活項(xiàng)目的領(lǐng)頭人George Church一直在致力于研究防凍抗凍，這是已滅絕的猛犸象與其血緣最近的現(xiàn)存親緣物種——亞洲象——之間的主要區(qū)別。通過精準(zhǔn)定位是哪些基因特質(zhì)使得猛犯象能夠在冰原上寒冷刺骨的天氣里存活下來，這個(gè)項(xiàng)目的目標(biāo)是將猛犸象，或者一種類猛犸象的物種，重新帶回到這個(gè)地區(qū)來?！拔业淖罡邇?yōu)先目標(biāo)會(huì)是保護(hù)瀕危的亞洲象，” Church這樣說，“將它們的活動(dòng)范圍拓展到冰原上廣大的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中去。有必要作出的調(diào)整包括更小的耳朵、更厚的毛，以及額外的保溫脂肪層，這一切都是為了減少在凍土上的熱量流失，而所有這些特點(diǎn)都能在業(yè)已滅絕的猛犸象身上找到。”這個(gè)向歐亞大陸和北美洲的凍土和北部森林重新輸送大型哺乳動(dòng)物的做法還可以是這樣一個(gè)有益的因素，能減少碳排放——大象會(huì)在雪上踩出洞來、撞倒樹木，這刺激了草皮生長(zhǎng)。這種植被生長(zhǎng)將會(huì)降低溫度，并緩解永凍層融化所釋放的熱量。

雖然能將業(yè)已滅絕的各種動(dòng)物重新帶回人間這個(gè)前景也許會(huì)牢牢吸引人們的想象力，然而更容易得多的做法當(dāng)然還是去嘗試拯救一個(gè)目前僅僅是受到了滅絕威脅的物種?！?dāng)人們想到逆轉(zhuǎn)滅絕時(shí)出現(xiàn)在他們腦海中的很多技術(shù)都可以被用作某種形式的，“基因拯救”。’Shapiro這樣解釋。 她更傾向于關(guān)注這樣一場(chǎng)討論:如何利用這種新興技術(shù)來充分了解各類物種當(dāng)初為什么會(huì)滅絕， 以及因此我們可以如何運(yùn)用它來進(jìn)行基因改良，以此來阻止未來的大規(guī)模滅絕。“我還要說，如果什么都不做，就會(huì)有大到難以置信的道義風(fēng)險(xiǎn)?！彼^續(xù)說道?！拔覀冎雷约航裉煺谧龅倪€不夠，因此我們必須自愿去承擔(dān)一些經(jīng)過測(cè)算和衡量之后（確認(rèn)可以承擔(dān)）的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)?！?/p>

03

答案解析

Question 14

答案：F

關(guān)鍵詞：avoided

定位原文：F段前三句，特別是第三句：She prefers to focus the debate on how this emerging technology could be used to fully understand why various species went extinct in the first place, and therefore how we could use it to make genetic modifications which could prevent mass extinctions in the future.

解題思路：如前文中已經(jīng)多次提到的那樣：在“段落匹配信息”這種類型的題目中，大概率會(huì)有諸如reference、account、mention這類詞匯出現(xiàn)，它們表達(dá)的意思都是“提到、說到”，考生切勿將此處的reference理解為此詞的其他意義，如“參考”等，徒增理解難度。本題定位不難，無論考生是選擇平行閱讀、逐句讀 懂大意（則會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)F段的前三句話都是圍繞這個(gè)內(nèi)容展開的），還是只在文中聚焦尋找“避免更多物種滅絕”這個(gè)信息點(diǎn)（則會(huì)在第三句原文中找到prevent這個(gè)詞可以直接對(duì)應(yīng)于題干中的avoid），都不難發(fā)現(xiàn)正確答案出處。如果是運(yùn)用平行閱讀法，同時(shí)照顧幾個(gè)題型的解答，則還有意外收獲：同樣在這個(gè)答案句里還提及了人名觀點(diǎn)匹配中第24題的對(duì)應(yīng)信息。

Question 15

答案：A

關(guān)鍵詞：reproducing, DNA, only

定位原文：A段倒數(shù)第二句：The basic premise involves using cloning technology to turn the DNA of extinct animals into a fertilised embryo, which is carried by the nearest relative still in existence - in this case, the abundant band-tailed pigeon - before being born as a living, breathing animal.

解題思路：本題所對(duì)應(yīng)的原文句中包含了較多比較生僻的詞匯，例如fertilised和embryo（盡管這兩個(gè)單詞在“動(dòng)物類”題材的雅思閱讀文章中其實(shí)出鏡率也都不低），但是這些較為陌生的詞匯其實(shí)并不會(huì)影響到考生對(duì)于整個(gè)句子的大體理解，因此也就不影響考生看出本句說的就是“利用克隆技術(shù)把已滅絕鴿子的DNA放在另一種近親鴿子身上孕育、進(jìn)而復(fù)活前者”，從而對(duì)應(yīng)得出正確答案。一個(gè)句子中出現(xiàn)若干個(gè)生僻詞匯、從而可能會(huì)給考生充分理解句子的意思造成一定障礙的現(xiàn)象，其實(shí)在雅思閱讀文章中非常常見。在考場(chǎng)上不允許查單詞的情況下，考生需要擁有冷靜的心態(tài)和平時(shí)積累的分析長(zhǎng)句結(jié)構(gòu)的能力，就可以在不一定認(rèn)識(shí)所有單詞的情況下，仍然能看懂句子大意從而解題。

Question 16

答案：D

關(guān)鍵詞：habitat, suffered

定位原文：D段特別是第四句：Since the disappearance of this key species, ecosystems in the eastern US have suffered, as the lack of disturbance caused by thousands of passenger pigeons wrecking trees and branches means there has been minimal need for regrowth.

解題思路：如果是運(yùn)用平行閱讀的方法，本題的定位和理解就都不困難，因?yàn)樵谟辛薉段前三句對(duì)于旅鴿和斑尾鴿筑巢習(xí)性的對(duì)比描述這個(gè)背景下，考生可以在讀到第四句時(shí)輕松得出正確答案;如果單純?nèi)ふ襤abitat或suffer這些題干詞在原文中的對(duì)應(yīng)，最終也是能找到答案的，但可能會(huì)耗費(fèi)更多時(shí)間，因?yàn)槎ㄎ涣藛卧~以后還是需要通讀整個(gè)句子來進(jìn)一步確認(rèn)，反而不如依次閱讀每句的速度更快、理解更順暢。

Question 17

答案：A

關(guān)鍵詞：exact point

定位原文：A段第三句：Sadly, the passenger pigeon's existence came to an end on 1 September 1914, when the last living specimen died at Cincinnati Zoo.

解題思路：本題在文章中的出處比較靠前，理解難度也比較低，是這部分題型中比較友好的一道題目。即使考生在閱讀題干時(shí)并沒有直接理解到exact point在此處暗含著“時(shí)間點(diǎn)”這個(gè)信息，其實(shí)也能在讀到文章中相應(yīng)描述的時(shí)候，將原句內(nèi)容與本題題干進(jìn)行匹配，從而得出正確答案。

Question 18

答案：genetic traits

關(guān)鍵詞：Professor George Church

定位原文：E段第三句：By pinpointing which genetic traits made it possible for mammoths to survive the icy climate of the tundra, the project's goal is to return mammoths, or a mammoth-like species, to the area.

解題思路：本題的定位難度極低，無論是人名大寫信息George Church，還是一模一樣出現(xiàn)在原文中的tundra這個(gè)詞，都能幫考生輕松找到答案句出處附近;同時(shí)，題干表述enabled與原文made it possible之間的同義替換也非常明顯，由此可知答案應(yīng)為：genetic traits。

Question 19

答案：heat loss

關(guān)鍵詞：physical adaptations, minimise

定位原文：E段第五句：Necessary adaptations would include smaller ears, thicker hair, and extra insulating fat, all for the purpose of reducing heat loss in the tundra, and all traits found in the now extinct woolly mammoth.

解題思路：本題的定位與上一道題距離并不遠(yuǎn)，且題干中的adaptations在原文中一模一樣地出現(xiàn)了，另一個(gè)幫助定位答案的題干詞minimise與原文中reduce的同義替換表述關(guān)系也十分明顯，且這兩個(gè)詞都是雅思閱讀文章中的?？停忌樌贸龃鸢笧閔eat loss并不困難。

Question 20

答案：ears

關(guān)鍵詞：thicker hair, reduced size

定位原文：E段第五句：Necessary adaptations would include smaller ears, thicker hair, and extra insulating fat, all for the purpose of reducing heat loss in the tundra, and all traits found in the now extinct woolly mammoth.

解題思路：本題與下一題出自同一個(gè)答案句，題干中和兩個(gè)空格形成并列關(guān)系的thicker hair是一模一樣地出現(xiàn)在原文中的，考生完全可以憑借這個(gè)詞組定位到大致句中位置，再利用題干中reduced size與原文更為直白的表述smaller之間的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系，輕松得出答案為：ears。 如果一定要說有什么困難之處，大約就是本題和下一題的岀題位置跟第19題的出處略有亂序，但是由于三者都處在同一個(gè)長(zhǎng)難句的范圍之內(nèi)，所以雖然亂序，但答案也相隔不遠(yuǎn)，并不會(huì)對(duì)考生閱讀和答題造成實(shí)質(zhì)性的干擾。

Question 21

答案：(insulating) fat

關(guān)鍵詞：more

定位原文：E段第五句：Necessary adaptations would include smaller ears, thicker hair, and extra insulating fat, all for the purpose of reducing heat loss in the tundra, and all traits found in the now extinct woolly mammoth.

解題思路：本題與上一題是并列關(guān)系，定位后對(duì)比分析題干，即可輕松得出答案為：insulating fat。

Question 22

答案：(carbon) emissions

關(guān)鍵詞：reduce temperatures, decrease

定位原文：E段第六句：This repopulation of the tundra and boreal forests of Eurasia and North America with large mammals could also be a useful factor in reducing carbon emissions - elephants punch holes through snow and knock down trees, which encourages grass growth.

解題思路：由于答案出處位置比較集中，所以考生在解答完前面的題目、順序向下閱讀的過程中，很快就能在原文中定位到reduce這個(gè)與題干中的decrease同義替換、且在雅思聽說讀寫各科目中都高頻出現(xiàn)的單詞，進(jìn)而順利得出答案為：carbon emissions。

Question 23

答案：B

關(guān)鍵詞：Michael Archer

定位原文：B段第三句到本段結(jié)束：He points out that in the decades since the thylacine went extinct, there has been a spread in a 'dangerously debilitating' facial tumour syndrome which threatens the existence of the Tasmanian devils, the island's other notorious resident. Thylacines would have prevented this spread because they would have killed significant numbers of Tasmanian devils. 'If that contagious cancer had popped up previously, it would have burned out in whatever region it started. The return of thylacines to Tasmania could help to ensure that devils are never again subjected to risks of this kind.'

解題思路：考生解答此題的速度，在一定程度上取決于自身的單詞量高低。如果在利用大寫人名Michael Archer定位到B段后，在閱讀第三句話時(shí)認(rèn)識(shí)syndrome“疾病癥狀”、threaten“威脅”、resident“居住者”這些單詞的意思，其實(shí)已經(jīng)能得出“袋狼滅絕以后，另一種本地生物袋獐受到了疾病威脅”這個(gè)理解，進(jìn)而在下一句中從would have prevented這個(gè)虛擬語氣的表達(dá)中得出結(jié)論：如果袋狼能在本地復(fù)活，其實(shí)袋獴就不會(huì)受到這么大的威脅，由此可以順利得出正確答案為本句人名對(duì)應(yīng)的選項(xiàng)B。但是如果并不認(rèn)識(shí)上面說到的詞匯，對(duì)虛擬語氣的意思表達(dá)也不夠敏感，則可能需要拿出耐心來、多往下再看兩句話，也能根據(jù)難度更低的詞匯和句子大意的表達(dá)，得出同樣的結(jié)論。

Question 24

答案：C

關(guān)鍵詞：Beth Shapiro

定位原文：F段第三句：She prefers to focus the debate on how this emerging technology could be used to fully understand why various species went extinct in the first place, and therefore how we could use it to make genetic modifications which could prevent mass extinctions in the future.

解題思路：本題的難度比較高，其中最主要的原因是：Beth Shapiro這個(gè)人名第一次出現(xiàn)的位置是在文章的C段中;然而這一段重點(diǎn)表達(dá)的意思是“用已滅絕動(dòng)物的DNA片段和這種動(dòng)物的近親物種可以雜交出一種類似但并非完全一樣的生物”，完全沒有提及“聚焦物種滅絕原因”這個(gè)信息。這無疑對(duì)考生提升閱讀速度、準(zhǔn)確理解句子大意、甚至是保持穩(wěn)定的心態(tài)都提出了一定挑戰(zhàn)。在此提示考生：做題的本質(zhì)一方面在于準(zhǔn)確對(duì)應(yīng)到正確的答案出處，但另一方面在于當(dāng)發(fā)現(xiàn)所讀之處并不對(duì)應(yīng)問題信息的時(shí)候，需及時(shí)果斷做出判定，繼續(xù)向后文中尋找還未看過的文章部分，而不是輕易產(chǎn)生自我懷疑和動(dòng)搖，盲目回讀之前的內(nèi)容。當(dāng)然，這種果斷需建立在平時(shí)進(jìn)行語句篇章分析練習(xí)、對(duì)自己準(zhǔn)確讀懂句意這一點(diǎn)有自信的基礎(chǔ)之上。 而一旦具備了這個(gè)自信、判定C段Shapiro所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容與解題無關(guān)之后，考生即可迅速去定位這個(gè)人名的下一個(gè)出處，從而在F段的第三句里找到正確的對(duì)應(yīng)。

Question 25

答案：A

關(guān)鍵詞：Ben Novak

定位原文：D段第四句到本段結(jié)束：Since the disappearance of this key species, ecosystems in the eastern US have suffered, as the lack of disturbance caused by thousands of passenger pigeons wrecking trees and branches means there has been minimal need for regrowth. This has left forests stagnant and therefore unwelcoming to the plants and animals which evolved to help regenerate the forest after a disturbance. According to Novak, a hybridised band-tailed pigeon, with the added nesting habits of a passenger pigeon, could, in theory, re-establish that forest disturbance, thereby creating a habitat necessary for a great many other native species to thrive.

解題思路：本題的難點(diǎn)與上一道題類似，同樣是因?yàn)槿嗣鸅en Novak第一次出現(xiàn)的位置是在A段，然而A段中卻并沒有任何表述了題干對(duì)應(yīng)信息的語句，所以考生需及時(shí)判定并轉(zhuǎn)而尋找下一次的人名出處，從而定位到D段。同時(shí)，在定位之后，雖然通過第四句話中trees and branches這個(gè)信息與題干中vegetation這個(gè)上義下義之間的同義替換，確實(shí)能獲得強(qiáng)烈的暗示，但要百分之百確定此處為正確答案對(duì)應(yīng)處的話，考生最好還是耐心向下文再多看幾句，從而最終敲定正確答案為人名對(duì)應(yīng)的選項(xiàng)A。

Question 26

答案：C

關(guān)鍵詞：Beth Shapiro

定位原文：F段最后一句：We know that what we are doing today is not enough, and we have to be willing to take some calculated and measured risks.

解題思路：本題的定位距離同樣對(duì)應(yīng)于Shapiro這個(gè)人名的另外一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)表述，也就是第24題的答案出處，并不算很遠(yuǎn);考生在定位到本段人名Shapiro和找到24題答案后，只需再耐心確認(rèn)一下后文的幾句話，發(fā)現(xiàn)還是同一個(gè)人在繼續(xù)表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)，原本就應(yīng)該再向后閱讀幾句，查對(duì)是否還有其他對(duì)應(yīng)題目的表述。本題的難度來自于答案的對(duì)應(yīng)點(diǎn)在全文最后一段的最后一句話里，考生需一直讀到此處，才能輕松看出原文中的not enough這個(gè)表述正是直接對(duì)應(yīng)于題干里的insufficient，且本段也確實(shí)是在說“保護(hù)各種各樣的物種”這個(gè)話題，從而準(zhǔn)確匹配到正確答案為C。

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