劍橋雅思16Test1Passage2閱讀原文翻譯 The Step Pyramid of Djoser
2024-04-05 13:50:25 來源：中國教育在線
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劍橋雅思16 Test1 Passage2閱讀原文翻譯
段落A
The pyramids are the most famous monuments of ancient Egypt and still hold enormous interest for people in the present day. These grand, impressive tributes to the memory of the Egyptian kings have become linked with the country even though other cultures, such as the Chinese and Mayan, also built pyramids. The evolution of the pyramid form has been written and argued about for centuries. However, there is no question that, as far as Egypt is concerned, it began with one monument to one king designed by one brilliant architect: the Step Pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara.
金字塔是古埃及最出名的建筑物，如今仍然引發(fā)人們的巨大興趣。這些用來紀念埃及國王的宏偉建筑已經與這一國家聯(lián)系在一起，盡管如中國和瑪雅之類的其他文明也修建了金字塔。關于金字塔規(guī)格的爭論已經進行了幾個世紀。然而，毫無疑問的是，只要與埃及相關，所有的記錄和爭論都從某位杰出建筑師為國王設計的紀念建筑開始：位于塞加拉的喬塞爾階梯金字塔。
段落B
Djoser was the first king of the Third Dynasty of Egypt and the first to build in stone. Prior to Djoser’s reign, tombs were rectangular monuments made of dried clay brick, which covered underground passages where the deceased person was buried. For reasons which remain unclear, Djoser’s main official, whose name was Imhotep, conceived of building a taller, more impressive tomb for his king by stacking stone slabs on top of one another, progressively making them smaller, to form the shape now known as the Step Pyramid. Djoser is thought to have reigned for 19 years, but some historians and scholars attribute a much longer time for his rule, owing to the number and size of the monuments he built.
喬塞爾是埃及第三王朝的首位國王，也是第一個用石頭修建金字塔的國王。在喬塞爾統(tǒng)治之前，法老陵墓都是由干燥陶土磚所修建的矩形建筑，其下是埋葬著尸體的通道。出于尚不清楚的原因，喬塞爾的主要幕僚（Imhotep）提出為他的國王建造更高、令人印象更加深刻的墳墓。這一點通過堆疊逐漸變小的條石，形成我們如今所知道的階梯金字塔來實現(xiàn)。喬塞爾的統(tǒng)治持續(xù)了19年，但一些歷史學家和學者考慮到他所修建的建筑物的數量和規(guī)模，認為他的統(tǒng)治時間要更長一些。
段落C
The Step Pyramid has been thoroughly examined and investigated over the last century, and it is now known that the building process went through many different stages. Historian Marc Van de Mieroop comments on this, writing ‘Much experimentation was involved, which is especially clear in the construction of the pyramid in the center of the complex. It had several plans …before it became the first Step Pyramid in history, piling six levels on top of one another…The weight of the enormous mass was a challenge for the builders, who placed the stones at an inward incline in order to prevent the monument breaking up.’
階梯金字塔在上個世紀已經經過徹底的檢驗和調查。我們如今知道其建造過程要經過許多不同的階段。歷史學家Marc Van de Mieroop對此評論道：“其中涉及許多實驗。這一點在作為建筑群核心的金字塔的建造過程中尤為明顯。在它真正成為歷史上的階梯金字塔之前，存在好幾種方案，堆疊起六層的高度。大型石塊的重量給建造者提出挑戰(zhàn)。他們將石塊向內傾斜，以防止建筑物分崩離析”。
段落D
When finally completed, the Step Pyramid rose 62 meters high and was the tallest structure of its time. The complex in which it was built was the size of a city in ancient Egypt and included a temple, courtyards, shrines, and living quarters for the priests. It covered a region of 16 hectares and was surrounded by a wall 10.5 meters high. The wall had 13 false doors cut into it with only one true entrance cut into the south-east corner; the entire wall was then ringed by a trench 750 meters long and 40 meters wide. The false doors and the trench were incorporated into the complex to discourage unwanted visitors. If someone wished to enter, he or she would have needed to know in advance how to find the location of the true opening in the wall. Djoser was so proud of his accomplishment that he broke the tradition of having only his own name on the monument and had Imhotep’s name carved on it as well.
最終完成之后，階梯金字塔達到62米的高度，是當時最高的建筑。其所在的建筑群的規(guī)模相當于古埃及一座城市的大小，包括一座寺廟、庭院、神廟、以及僧侶的居住區(qū)域。它占地面積16公頃，周圍是高達10.5米的圍墻。圍墻有13座假門，只有一座真門位于東南角。圍墻外還環(huán)繞著長750米，寬40米的壕溝。假門與壕溝被放入建筑群中以阻止不受歡迎的訪客。如果一個人想要進來的話，他或她必須提前知道如何在圍墻上找到正確的開門地方。喬塞爾文章來自老烤鴨雅思為他的成就感到如此驕傲，以至于他打破了紀念建筑上只能有他一人名字的傳統(tǒng)，將Imhotep的名字也雕刻在上面。
段落E
The burial chamber of the tomb, where the king’s body was laid to rest, was dug beneath the base of the pyramid, surrounded by a vast maze of long tunnels that had rooms off them to discourage robbers. One of the most mysterious discoveries found inside the pyramid was a large number of stone vessels. Over 40,000 of these vessels, of various forms and shapes, were discovered in storerooms off the pyramid’s underground passages. This article is from Laokaoya website. They are inscribed with the names of rulers from the First and Second Dynasties of Egypt and made from different kinds of stone. There is no agreement among scholars and archaeologists on why the vessels were placed in the tomb of Djoser or what they were supposed to represent. The archaeologist Jean-Philippe Lauer, who excavated most of the pyramid and complex, believes they were originally stored and then given a ‘proper burial’ by Djoser in his pyramid to honor his predecessors. There are other historians, however, who claim the vessels were dumped into the shafts as yet another attempt to prevent grave robbers from getting to the king’s burial chamber.
墳墓中的墓室，也就是安放國王遺體的地方，位于金字塔地基之下，環(huán)繞著由漫長甬道所組成的迷宮，以阻止盜墓賊。金字塔內最讓人不解的發(fā)現(xiàn)之一是大量的石制器具。金字塔地下通道外的儲藏室里發(fā)現(xiàn)了超過40000個各式各樣的容器。它們上面刻著埃及第一王朝和第二王朝統(tǒng)治者的名字，并且用不同的石頭制成。學者和考古學家針對為什么這些容器被放在喬塞爾的墳墓里，以及它們究竟代表什么東西尚未達成共識。發(fā)掘了大部分金字塔與建筑群的考古學家Jean-Philippe Lauer認為，它們被喬塞爾儲藏在自己的金字塔中，并給予恰當的葬禮，以顯示對其前任的尊敬。然而，也有其他歷史學家認為，這些容器被丟到通道中，作為阻止盜墓賊接近國王墓室的另一種嘗試。
段落F
Unfortunately, all of the precautions and intricate design of the underground network did not prevent ancient robbers from finding a way in. Djoser’s grave goods, and even his body, were stolen at some point in the past and all archaeologists found were a small number of his valuables overlooked by the thieves. There was enough left throughout the pyramid and its complex, however, to astonish and amaze the archaeologists who excavated it.
不幸的是，所有這些地下網絡的預防措施和精巧設計都沒能阻止古代盜賊找到進入的路徑。喬塞爾的陪葬品，甚至他的身體都在過去某個時間點遭到偷盜。考古學家發(fā)現(xiàn)的僅僅是一小部分盜墓賊看不上的物品。然而，金字塔和建筑群中仍然留下了足夠的東西，讓發(fā)掘它的考古學家感到震驚和驚喜。
段落G
Egyptologist Miroslav Verner writes, ‘Few monuments hold a place in human history as significant as that of the Step Pyramid in Saqqara …It can be said without exaggeration that this pyramid complex constitutes a milestone in the evolution of monumental stone architecture in Egypt and in the world as a whole.’ The Step Pyramid was a revolutionary advance in architecture and became the archetype which all the other great pyramid builders of Egypt would follow.
埃及學家Miroslav Verner寫到，“人類歷史上很少有建筑物像塞加拉的階梯金字塔那么重要。毫不夸張的說，金字塔建筑群是埃及、乃至整個世界重要石制建筑物進化史上的里程碑”。階梯金字塔是建筑學革命性的突破，成為埃及所有其他金字塔建造者仿效的典范。
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