APS digestion托福聽力原文翻譯及問題答案
2024-04-18 11:46:09 來源：中國教育在線
APS digestion托福聽力原文翻譯及問題答案
一、APS digestion托福聽力原文：
NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in an environmental engineering class.MALE PROFESSOR:At the end of yesterday's class,we were discussing landfills and the hundreds of millions of tons of everyday garbage which are deposited into them each year in the United States.It's a growing problem!Quite simply,we are running out of space to put our garbage.And this is especially true for solid organic waste:food scraps from home or food processing plants,waste from farms,that sort of thing.
Did you know that two thirds of the waste sitting in our landfills is organic material?We have government recycling programs for materials like plastics,glass and metal,yet widespread solutions for organic waste materials haven't really been addressed in the United States.I think this is just asking for trouble in the future.So today I want to talk about a technology that offers a potential solution to the problem—anaerobic Phased Solids digestion,or APS digestion.First of all,what does anaerobic mean?Anyone?
FEMALE STUDENT:Without oxygen?MALE PROFESSOR:Correct!APS digestion uses anaerobic bacteria,ones that thrive in the absence of oxygen,to consume,to break down organic material.MALE STUDENT:Excuse me.Professor.Um...those anaerobic bacteria you are talking about...well,aren't anaerobic bacteria also used in waste water treatment plants?MALE PROFESSOR:Yes.In fact,they are.Would you like to explain this to the class?MALE STUDENT:Sure!So when waste water is treated,one of the byproducts is a thick liquid called sludge.And aren't anaerobic bacteria used to break down the sludge?MALE PROFESSOR:That's right.Anaerobic bacteria have been used in waste water treatment for decades.MALE STUDENT:So how is this technology different?MALE PROFESSOR:Good question.The anaerobic digestion systems used in waste water plants are designed to treat sludge,not solids.Now,in the past,researchers have attempted to treat solid organic waste with that same equipment.But there was always a problem.In order to process the solid waste,the kind we find in landfills,you had to pretreat the solids to turn them into sludge.
First,by breaking the material apart mechanically into small particles and then adding a lot of water until you got a kind of thick,soupy mix that the equipment could handle.But that extra step took time and required a lot of energy.FEMALE STUDENT:That sounds like it would cost a lot.MALE PROFESSOR:That's right.But APS digestion is designed specifically to handle solid waste.So it is much more cost-effective.The new technology processes organic waste in two phases.Remember,APS stands for Anaerobic Phased Solids digestion.
First,the waste material is loaded into a large,closed container,along with different types of anaerobic bacteria.The bacteria break the solids down into acids and hydrogen gas.The hydrogen is extracted and the remaining acids are transferred into a different container for the second phase of the process.There another type of bacteria converts the acids into methane gas.FEMALE STUDENT:Aren't hydrogen and methane gas bad for the environment though?MALE PROFESSOR:The answer in this case is no,because they don't escape into the atmosphere.The gases are captured and can be burned to produce electricity,which saves a lot of money and ultimately decreases our need for fuels like petroleum and coal,which are not only expensive but are also polluting.MALE STUDENT:So organic waste from landfills could be processed this way?MALE PROFESSOR:It is certainly one possibility.And APS digestion systems are very versatile.They can be installed just about anywhere.See,anaerobic digestion systems used at waste water treatment plants are huge tanks that hold thousands of gallons of waste water.But the APS containers are small enough to be set up on site,where the waste is generated,like at food processing plants or on farms.
So garbage doesn't have to be transported long distances.As a matter of fact,a couple of universities successfully set up demonstration projects.They collected food scraps from dining halls and local restaurants and process them in APS facilities.Not only did the university save money,we are also learning even more about the APS process.What is the next step forward?Well,APS digestion uses several different types of anaerobic bacteria,right?So what are the most efficient bacteria in the process?If researchers can figure that out,the highest performing bacteria mix for a system could be determined.Ultimately the goal would be to grow enough of these particular bacteria to support large-scale commercial APS systems.
二、APS digestion托福聽力中文翻譯：
旁白：請聽一節(jié)環(huán)境工程課的部分講座。男教授：在昨天的課結(jié)束時，我們討論了垃圾填埋場和美國每年堆積在垃圾填埋場中的數(shù)億噸日常垃圾。這是一個日益嚴(yán)重的問題！很簡單，我們已經(jīng)沒有空間放垃圾了。這對于固體有機(jī)廢物尤其如此：來自家庭或食品加工廠的食物殘渣，來自農(nóng)場的廢物，諸如此類。
你知道我們的垃圾填埋場中有三分之二的垃圾是有機(jī)材料嗎？我們有政府對塑料、玻璃和金屬等材料的回收計劃，但在美國還沒有真正解決有機(jī)廢料的廣泛解決方案。我認(rèn)為這只是在將來自找麻煩。因此，今天我想談?wù)勔环N技術(shù)，它為厭氧階段固體消化或APS消化提供了一種潛在的解決方案。首先，無氧是什么意思？任何人
女學(xué)生：沒有氧氣？男教授：對！APS消化利用厭氧細(xì)菌，即在缺氧條件下生長的細(xì)菌，消耗和分解有機(jī)物質(zhì)。男學(xué)生：對不起，教授。嗯…你所說的那些厭氧菌…嗯，廢水處理廠不也使用厭氧菌嗎？男教授：是的。事實上，他們是。你想向全班同學(xué)解釋一下嗎？男學(xué)生：當(dāng)然！因此，當(dāng)廢水被處理時，其中一種副產(chǎn)物是一種叫做污泥的粘稠液體。厭氧菌不是用來分解污泥的嗎？男教授：沒錯。厭氧菌已用于廢水處理數(shù)十年。男學(xué)生：那么這項技術(shù)有什么不同呢？男教授：好問題。廢水處理廠中使用的厭氧消化系統(tǒng)旨在處理污泥，而不是固體?，F(xiàn)在，在過去，研究人員試圖用同樣的設(shè)備處理固體有機(jī)廢物。但總有一個問題。為了處理我們在垃圾填埋場發(fā)現(xiàn)的固體廢物，你必須對固體進(jìn)行預(yù)處理，把它們變成污泥。
首先，通過機(jī)械地將材料分解成小顆粒，然后加入大量水，直到你得到一種設(shè)備可以處理的粘稠的混合物。但這一額外步驟需要時間和大量能量。女學(xué)生：聽起來要花很多錢。男教授：沒錯。但APS消化是專門為處理固體廢物而設(shè)計的。因此它更具成本效益。新技術(shù)分兩個階段處理有機(jī)廢物。記住，APS代表厭氧階段固體消化。
首先，將廢物與不同類型的厭氧細(xì)菌一起裝入一個大型封閉容器中。細(xì)菌將固體分解成酸和氫氣。提取氫并將剩余酸轉(zhuǎn)移到用于該方法第二階段的不同容器中。在那里，另一種細(xì)菌將酸轉(zhuǎn)化為甲烷氣體。女學(xué)生：氫氣和甲烷氣體對環(huán)境有害嗎？男教授：在這種情況下，答案是否定的，因為它們不會逃逸到大氣中。這些氣體被捕獲并燃燒發(fā)電，這節(jié)省了大量資金，并最終減少了我們對石油和煤炭等燃料的需求，這些燃料不僅昂貴，而且污染嚴(yán)重。男學(xué)生：那么垃圾填埋場的有機(jī)廢物可以這樣處理？男教授：這當(dāng)然是一種可能性。APS消化系統(tǒng)非常通用。它們可以安裝在任何地方?？矗瑥U水處理廠使用的厭氧消化系統(tǒng)是巨大的水箱，可以容納數(shù)千加侖的廢水。但APS容器足夠小，可以在產(chǎn)生廢物的現(xiàn)場安裝，如食品加工廠或農(nóng)場。
所以垃圾不需要長距離運輸。事實上，有幾所大學(xué)成功地建立了示范項目。他們從餐廳和當(dāng)?shù)夭宛^收集食物殘渣，并在APS設(shè)施中處理。這所大學(xué)不僅節(jié)省了資金，我們還學(xué)習(xí)了更多關(guān)于APS過程的知識。下一步是什么？APS消化使用幾種不同類型的厭氧細(xì)菌，對嗎？那么在這個過程中最有效的細(xì)菌是什么呢？如果研究人員能夠找到答案，那么就可以確定一個系統(tǒng)中性能最高的細(xì)菌組合。最終的目標(biāo)是培養(yǎng)足夠數(shù)量的這些特殊細(xì)菌，以支持大規(guī)模商業(yè)APS系統(tǒng)。
三、APS digestion托福聽力問題：
Q1:1.What is the lecture mainly about?
A.A new use for methane gas produced in landfills
B.Environmental regulations regarding the management of organic wastes
C.Removing bacteria from landfills and wastewater treatment plants
D.A potentially useful technology for managing organic wastes
Q2:2.What is the professor's opinion about the use of landfills to manage solid organic waste?
A.Landfills should be expanded to accommodate more types of waste.
B.Landfills are not a suitable long-term solution for solid organic waste disposal.
C.Landfills should be built farther away from population centers.
D.Landfills would be an effective means of recycling solid organic waste from farms.
Q3:3.What does the professor imply about processing solid organic waste in equipment designed for processing wastewater?
A.It is an economical way to process solid waste.
B.It is practical only for treating large amounts of solid waste.
C.It is not an efficient way to process solid waste.
D.It could reduce the cost of treating wastewater.
Q4:4.What does the professor suggest about methane and hydrogen gas?
A.They have beneficial uses if harnessed and contained.
B.They are destroyed in a later stage of APS processing.
C.They are both extracted during the first phase of APS digestion.
D.They are necessary to activate the anaerobic digestion process.
Q5:5.According to the professor,what are two advantages of APS digestion systems?[Click on 2 answers.]
A.They can eliminate the need to transport the waste material.
B.They can handle both organic and nonorganic waste.
C.They can turn waste into fuel for electrical power generation.
D.They can be monitored efficiently from one central location.
Q6:6.What does the professor say is a promising focus for future research into APS digestion systems?
A.Trying to find a way to reduce the size of the APS containers
B.Trying to set up a demonstration project with a university
C.Determining whether food scraps from restaurants can be used in the system
D.Determining the most efficient combination of anaerobic bacteria
四、APS digestion托福聽力答案：
A1:正確答案：D
A2:正確答案：B
A3:正確答案：C
A4:正確答案：A
A5:正確答案：AC
A6:正確答案：D
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