英國諾丁漢大學基本簡介

現(xiàn)在留學的學生越來越多，留學可以開闊眼界，也能學習不一樣的教育體制，而且國外名校眾多，教育水平也一流。下面小編就來和大家說說“英國諾丁漢大學基本概況”這個問題

　　一、關于諾丁漢大學

　　“The University of Nottingham shares many of the characteristics of the world’s great universities. However, we are distinct not only in our key strengths but in how our many strengths combine: we are financially secure, campus based and comprehensive; we are research-led and recruit top students and staff from around the world; we are committed to internationalising all our core activities so our students can have a valuable and enjoyable experience that prepares them well for the rest of their intellectual, professional and personal lives.”The University is governed by two main bodies: Council and Senate. At the head of the University are the Chancellor, Sir Andrew Witty and Vice-Chancellor, Professor Sir David Greenaway.The University's administrative and support departments support the running of the University and contribute to its growth and success both nationally and internationally.Our vision for 2020，The University of Nottingham – an inspiring place of learning and scholarship that transforms lives through:Offering an outstanding, broad-based, international education to talented students.Developing skilled, reflective global citizens and leaders.Undertaking fundamental and transformative discovery.Being committed to excellence, enterprise and social responsibilitySustaining and improving the places and communities in which we are located.Being engaged internationally to enhance industry, health and well-being, policy formation, culture and purposeful citizenship.Our strategy,Our Global Strategy 2020 sets out goals and actions that target areas of challenge while laying the foundations for on-going success into the future. Informed by analysis, reflection and broad engagement we have determined we need to consolidate and enhance our position as a world-leading University and:Strengthen and enrich our core activities of Education and Research,Address the changing expectations of our studentsTarget investment in research strengths.Focus on enhancing quality.Continue to differentiate The University of Nottingham on the basis of an outstanding student experience and our distinct approach to internationalisation

　　“諾丁漢大學擁有世界上偉大的大學的許多特點。然而，我們不僅在我們的主要優(yōu)勢中發(fā)揮我們的力量，而且我們還懂得如何將優(yōu)勢結(jié)合在一起：我們的財務安全、校園和全面的因素， 我們是研究型的，招聘來自世界各地的頂尖學生和員工。我們致力于國際化我們所有的核心活動，使我們的學生有一個寶貴和愉快的經(jīng)驗，準備好他們的知識，專業(yè)和個人生活的其余部分?！按髮W由兩個主要機構組成：理事會和參議院。大學校長是 校長安德魯·威蒂爵士和 副校長，格林納威爵士教授。大學的行政和支持部門支持大學的運作，為國家和國際的成長和成功作出貢獻。我們2020年的愿景，諾丁漢大學 - 一個鼓舞人心的學習和獎學金，通過以下方式改變生活：為有才華的學生提供優(yōu)秀，廣泛的國際教育，培養(yǎng)具有技術，反思性的全球公民和領導者，進行根本和變革性發(fā)現(xiàn)、致力于追求卓越、企業(yè)和社會責任、維持和改善我們所在的地方和社區(qū)在國際上從事行業(yè)、健康和福祉、政策制定、文化和有目的的公民工作。我們的策略，我們的“2020年全球戰(zhàn)略”規(guī)定了針對挑戰(zhàn)領域的目標和行動，同時為今后的成功奠定基礎。通過分析、反思、廣泛參與，我們決定我們需要鞏固和提升我們作為世界領先大學的地位，并：加強和豐富我們的教育和研究核心活動，滿足學生不斷變化的期望，目標投資研究優(yōu)勢，著力提升品質(zhì)，在杰出的學生經(jīng)驗和我們獨特的國際化方法的基礎上繼續(xù)發(fā)展諾丁漢大學。

　　二、歷史沿革

　　1881 - Nottingham’s first civic college：Nottingham's first civic college was opened in the city centre in 1881, four years after the foundation stone was laid by former Prime Minister, W E Gladstone. An anonymous benefactor had offered ￡10,000 for a college on condition that a suitable building be erected by the Council and that the college should be provided with ￡4,000 a year.

　　1928 - The move to University Park：After the First World War, the college outgrew its original building. A generous gift by Sir Jesse Boot, of 35 acres of land at Highfields, presented the solution and in 1928 the College moved to what is now the main campus, University Park. Initially, it was accommodated in the elegant Trent Building and was officially opened by King George V in November of that year.Even in its early days on this site, the College attracted high profile visiting lecturers including Professor Albert Einstein, Mahatma Gandhi and H G Wells.

　　1948 – Becoming The University of Nottingham：In 1948, the college was awarded the Royal Charter and became The University of Nottingham, now able to award degrees in its own name. During this period the School of Agriculture was established when the Midland College of Agriculture at Sutton Bonington merged with the University.

　　The University of Nottingham continued to grow and still focuses on its development.The Medical School: In 1970 we established the UK’s first Medical School in the 20th century, and in 1995 the School of Nursing was formed following the merger of the Mid-Trent College of Nursing and Midwifery. In 2003 a new campus was opened in Derby City General HospitalJubilee Campus: The ￡50 million Jubilee Campus development opened in 1999 and subsequently phase two opened in March 2009. The campus has won numerous awards due to its environmentally-friendly featuresMalaysia Campus: The University opened a campus in Malaysia in 2000. Subsequently a new purpose-built park campus was opened in September 2005 in Semenyih, Malaysia, close to Kuala Lumpur International Airport.King’s Meadow Campus: In March 2005 The University opened the King’s Meadow Campus in the former Carlton Television Studios. The campus is home to many of The University’s administrative and support units, Manuscripts and Special Collections and two television studiosChina Campus: The University admitted its first students in the city of Ningbo, China in 2004, and the purpose-built campus was formally opened in February 2006, as part of a joint venture. The University then became the first foreign university to establish an independent campus in China.School of Veterinary Medicine and Science: The University of Nottingham officially opened the School of Veterinary Medicine and Science in April 2007 (having admitted its first students in September 2006). It was the first purpose-built new veterinary school to be opened in the UK in 50 years

　　1881年 - 諾丁漢成立第一所公民學院，諾丁漢首個公民學院在市中心開幕，四年后，前總理WE Gladstone奠基。一位匿名捐助者為一所大學提供了10,000英鎊，條件是安理會建立了一個合適的建筑，每年應提供4,000英鎊的學費。

　　1928年 - 搬到大學公園校區(qū)，第一次世界大戰(zhàn)后，學院建造了原來的大樓。Highfields占地35英畝的杰西·伯爵爵士的慷慨捐贈提出了解決方案，1928年，學院搬到了現(xiàn)在的主校區(qū)大學園區(qū)。最初，它被容納在優(yōu)雅的特倫特大廈，并于當年11月由喬治五世國王正式開幕。即使在這個網(wǎng)站的早期，學院吸引了高調(diào)的訪問講師，包括愛因斯坦教授，圣雄甘地教授和HG威爾斯。

　　1948年 - 成為諾丁漢大學。

　　1948年，該學院被授予“皇家憲章”，并成為諾丁漢大學，現(xiàn)在可以以自己的名義頒發(fā)學位。在這個時期，農(nóng)業(yè)學院成立時，薩頓·邦寧頓的米德蘭農(nóng)業(yè)學院 與大學合并。

　　持續(xù)增長：諾丁漢大學繼續(xù)發(fā)展，仍然重點發(fā)展。醫(yī)學院：1970年，我們在二十世紀建立了英國第一所醫(yī)學院校，1995年，護理學院在中東護理與助產(chǎn)學院合并后組建。在2003年，在德比市總醫(yī)院開設了一個新校區(qū)禧年校園：1999年開設了5000萬英鎊的禧年校園發(fā)展計劃，隨后在2009年3月開始第二階段。由于環(huán)保特色，馬來西亞校區(qū)校園贏得了無數(shù)獎項，大學于2000年在馬來西亞開設了一所校園。隨后于2005年9月在馬來西亞的Semenyih開設了一個新的專用公園校園，靠近吉隆坡國際機場國王草甸校園：2005年3月，大學在前卡爾頓電視工作室開設了國王草地校園。校園內(nèi)有許多大學的行政和支援單位，手稿和特別收藏以及兩個電視室中國校區(qū)：2004年，中國寧波市大學校區(qū)錄取了第一批學生，并于2006年2月 正式開業(yè) ，作為合資企業(yè)的一部分。大學然后成為第一家在中國建立獨立校園的外國大學。獸醫(yī)與科學學院：諾丁漢大學于2007年4月正式開放獸醫(yī)醫(yī)學與科學學院(2006年9月獲得第一批學生入學)。這是五十年來首個在英國開設的專門設立的新的獸醫(yī)學校。

　　三、教研優(yōu)勢

　　1.概況

　　They will drive significant inward investment in to our internationally renowned research areas, and support our ambitious vision by increasing collaboration, strengthening networks and partnerships, attracting diverse funding, and raising the reputation of our world-leading research.Powerful, transdisciplinary discoveries can only be acheived as part of a vibrant research ecosystem. With the Beacons embedded into our research base, our resources will be more diverse and fertile than ever before.Our Beacons are just part of a significant investment in the resources, people, infrastructure and environment essential to delivering our world-leading discoveries.

　　諾丁漢大學將大力投入國際知名研究領域，通過加強合作，加強網(wǎng)絡和合作伙伴關系，吸引不同的資金，提高世界領先研究的聲譽，來支持我們雄心勃勃的愿景。強大的跨學科發(fā)現(xiàn)只能作為一個充滿活力的研究生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的一部分。隨著信標嵌入我們的研究基地，我們的資源將比以往任何時候都更加多元化和肥沃。我們的信標只是對提供世界領先發(fā)現(xiàn)所必需的資源，人員，基礎設施和環(huán)境的重大投資的一部分。諾丁漢大學是一所研究型大學，擁有驕傲的傳統(tǒng)，一直位列全球前百分之一。在諾丁漢大學學習是一個改變生活的經(jīng)歷，我們?yōu)榻獬覀?4,000名學生的潛力感到自豪。諾丁漢被授予“2017年時報”和“星期日泰晤士好大學指南”的畢業(yè)生就讀大學，獲得金獎。在TEF 2017年和功能在所有的前20名三大UK排行榜。我們有開創(chuàng)性的精神，表達了我們創(chuàng)始人杰西·史密斯爵士的愿景，我們已經(jīng)看到我們在中國和馬來西亞建立校園，這是全球聯(lián)系教育，研究和工業(yè)參與網(wǎng)絡的一部分。根據(jù)2014的排名，我們在英國排名第八。我們有六個研究卓越的信標，有助于改變生活和改變世界; 我們也是本地和全球的主要雇主和行業(yè)合作伙伴。影響：諾丁漢運動是其最大規(guī)模的籌款活動，它正在實現(xiàn)大學改變生活，解決全球問題，塑造未來的愿景。

　　2.部分研究成果展示

　　Self-harm intervention vital part of suicide prevention

　　Self-harm intervention is a vital part of suicide prevention for young people in care according to recent research from experts at the University of Nottingham.In the UK and ROI, more than 6,000 people die by suicide a year - an average of 18 a day. The research is being highlighted as part of World Suicide Prevention Day on 10th September and has been led by Professor Ellen Townsend from the school of Psychology at the University of Nottingham.The research published in the British Journal of Clinical Psychology is the first detailed study of factors leading to self-harm over time in young people in care in England, using the Card Sort Task for Self-Harm (CaTS) to describe sequences of factors leading to the young person’s first and most recent episodes of self-harm. This process provides young people with tools to map out thoughts, feelings and behaviours on a timeline leading up to, and immediately after a self-harm event. These can then be used to open up conversations and help formulate possible ways to help.Self-harm intervention is a vital part of suicide prevention for young people in care according to recent research from experts at the University of Nottingham.In the UK and ROI, more than 6,000 people die by suicide a year - an average of 18 a day. The research is being highlighted as part of World Suicide Prevention Day on 10th September and has been led by Professor Ellen Townsend from the school of Psychology at the University of Nottingham.The research published in the British Journal of Clinical Psychology is the first detailed study of factors leading to self-harm over time in young people in care in England, using the Card Sort Task for Self-Harm (CaTS) to describe sequences of factors leading to the young person’s first and most recent episodes of self-harm. This process provides young people with tools to map out thoughts, feelings and behaviours on a timeline leading up to, and immediately after a self-harm event. These can then be used to open up conversations and help formulate possible ways to helpAnalysis of the results from the Card Sort Task showed that young people in care felt better immediately after their first episode of self-harm with feelings of depression and sadness, and having the access to the means to self-harm, cited as key factors leading to self-harm. It also showed that sequences of factors leading to self-harm can change and evolve over time. Crucially, feeling better after self-harm disappeared over time and feelings of self-hatred and not being afraid of death emerged.Regular monitoringThe conclusion was that regular monitoring and assessment of each self-harm episode are needed alongside support around easing and dealing with emotional distress.Professor Townsend explains how the research emphasises the need for self-harm intervention: “Self-harm is the strongest predictor of eventual suicide and each suicide significantly affects many other individuals. Looked-after young people are at particularly high risk of self-harmful behaviour yet there is sparse research targeting this group.“We know that talking about self-harm and suicide is extremely difficult, especially for those in care, which is where the CaTS system is very beneficial and would have clinical utility as an assessment tool as it provides a structured way to communicate and order thoughts and feelings in relation to self-harm. Providing effective support like this could make the vital difference for future positive outcomes and reduce incidences of self-harm and ultimately help prevent future suicide.”Dr Ruth Wadman who conducted the work in the field said: “Young people told us that they enjoyed doing the CaTS. It gave them a way to understand their own self-harm and communicate about it effectively.”

　　研究成果一：自我傷害干預是預防自殺的重要組成部分

　　根據(jù)諾丁漢大學最近的研究，自我傷害干預是防治青少年自殺的重要組成部分。在英國和投資回報率方面，每年有6000多人自殺死亡，平均每天有18人死亡。這項研究正在9月10 日被強調(diào)為世界預防自殺日的一部分，由諾丁漢大學心理學院的Ellen Townsend教授領銜。英國“臨床心理學雜志”發(fā)表的研究是對英格蘭青少年護理中導致自我傷害的因素進行的第一次詳細研究，使用卡片分類任務進行自我傷害(CaTS)來描述引導因素的序列對年輕人的第一個也是最近的一次自我傷害事件。這個過程為年輕人提供了工具，用于在自我傷害事件之前和之后立即繪制思維，感覺和行為。這些可以用于開放對話，并幫助制定可能的方式來幫助。對“卡片排序”結(jié)果的分析表明，年輕人在第一次自我傷害感與抑郁與悲傷感覺之后立即感覺到更好，并獲得了自我傷害的手段，被認為是領先的自我傷害 它還表明，導致自我傷害的因素序列隨著時間的推移會發(fā)生變化和演化。至關重要的是，隨著時間的推移，自我傷害感覺好轉(zhuǎn)，自我仇恨的感覺和不怕死亡的感覺就出現(xiàn)了。定期監(jiān)測，結(jié)論是，需要定期監(jiān)測和評估每個自我傷害事件，同時支持放松和處理情緒困擾。湯森教授解釋了研究如何強調(diào)自我傷害干預的必要性：“自我傷害是最終自殺的最強預測因素，每次自殺都對許多其他人造成重大影響?？春玫哪贻p人處于特別高的自我有害行為的風險，但針對這個群體的研究很少?！拔覀冎?，談論自我傷害和自殺是非常困難的，特別是對于那些關心的人來說，CaTS系統(tǒng)是非常有益的，并且具有臨床實用性作為評估工具，因為它提供了結(jié)構化的溝通和秩序思維方式以及與自我傷害有關的感覺。提供這樣的有效支持可能會對未來的積極成果產(chǎn)生重要的影響，減少自我傷害的發(fā)生，并最終有助于防止未來的自殺?！霸趯嵉毓ぷ鞯穆督z·瓦德曼博士說：“年輕人告訴我們，他們喜歡做CaTS。它給了他們一種了解自己的傷害和有效溝通的方法?！?/p>

　　A big difference between Asian and African elephants is diet

　　New research has shown that there are significant differences between the Asian and the African forest elephant – and it isn’t just about size and the shape of their ears. It is about what they eat and how they affect forest ecosystems. See video here.As megaherbivores and the largest of our land animals, elephants have a significant impact on their habitat. In Central Africa, forest elephants act as ecological filters by breaking tree saplings and stripping them of foliage. But we have much more to learn about the impact of elephants on Southeast Asian rainforests. And new research suggests that the Asian elephant is a daintier eater – preferring palms, grasses and bamboo to tree saplings.Experts from the University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus and a team from the University of Florida have been taking a closer look at the foraging impacts of the Asian elephant, and they’ve been puzzled by some of the results. Their research, ‘Foraging Impacts of Asian Magafauna on Tropical Rainforest Structure and Biodiversity’ is published Wednesday 30 August 2017, in the scientific journal Biotropica.The study was led by Professor John Terborgh, of the University of Florida, Gainesville, a pioneer and leading expert in tropical biology and conservation. The research took the team deep into Malaysia’s dense closed-canopy forests where thick vegetation normally precludes direct observation of elephants.Using traditional forest sampling techniques the team looked at forest structure, composition, and diversity in two Malaysian forests – the Royal Belum State Park which is home to 14 of the world’s most threatened species including the Asian elephant; and Krau Wildlife Reserve, where elephants have not roamed since 1993. The results were compared with results from African forests.In the two Malaysian rainforests, the team found clear differences in tree density, composition, and diversity. The density and diversity of tree saplings were higher in Krau where elephants are now absent. Palms, gingers, pandans and bamboos (monocots) were also more abundant. In Belum, however, monocots over a metre tall were virtually absent.Dr Ahimsa Campos-Arceiz, from the School of Environment and Geographical Sciences, and Principal Investigator of the Management & Ecology of Malaysian Elephants (MEME), said: “Our initial expectations were that Asian elephants would have similar impacts to those described for African forest elephants in Gabon where John Terborgh and Lisa Davenport have conducted previous work. However, our results show that Asian elephants have an important impact on forest dynamics but these impacts seem to be very different from the ones produced by African forest elephants.”The clearest difference was in monocot plants - palms, grasses, bamboo. These were found to be abundant where Asian elephants are scarce but rare where elephants are present. We also found some puzzling results in terms of tree scars - signs of elephant feeding - that suggest that elephants might not be eating tree saplings (small trees) as much as we assumed.Dr Campos-Arceiz said: “Asian elephants seem to be more interested in monocot plants, especially palms. These results have very interesting and important implications in terms of elephant ecological impact. Maybe this is the reason why Asian elephants do not seem to modify forest the way African elephants do. And human-elephant conflict is greater in Malaysia because we are planting palms which are the very food elephants love to eat. We are currently continuing this work through direct observations of elephant feeding in Malaysian rainforests.”

　　研究成果二：亞洲和非洲大象之間的巨大差異在于飲食

　　新研究表明，亞洲和非洲森林大象之間存在顯著差異，而不僅僅是尺寸和耳朵形狀。它是關于他們吃什么，以及它們?nèi)绾斡绊懮稚鷳B(tài)系統(tǒng)。在這里看視頻。作為megaherbivores和我們的最大的動物，大象對他們的棲息地有重大的影響。在中部非洲，森林大象通過打破樹苗和剝離樹葉作為生態(tài)過濾器。但是，我們還要了解大象對東南亞熱帶雨林的影響。而新的研究表明，亞洲大象是一個古老的食者 - 喜歡棕櫚樹，草和竹子樹苗。來自馬來西亞諾丁漢大學校園的專家和佛羅里達大學的小組一直在仔細觀察亞洲大象的覓食影響，并對其中一些結(jié)果感到困惑。他們的研究“亞洲Magafauna對熱帶雨林結(jié)構和生物多樣性的影響”發(fā)表于2017年8月30日星期三，在科學雜志Biotropica。該研究由佛羅里達大學，蓋恩斯維爾大學教授John Terborgh領導，熱帶生物學和保護領域的先驅(qū)和領先專家。研究使團隊深入馬來西亞密集的封閉式森林，厚厚的植被通常排除直接觀察大象。使用傳統(tǒng)的森林采樣技術，該團隊考察了兩個馬來西亞森林的森林結(jié)構，組成和多樣性 - 皇家貝魯姆國家公園，其中有14個世界上受威脅最多的物種，包括亞洲大象; 和克勞野生動物保護區(qū)，大象自1993年以來沒有漫游。將結(jié)果與非洲森林的結(jié)果進行了比較。在兩個馬來西亞熱帶雨林中，該團隊發(fā)現(xiàn)樹木密度，組成和多樣性方面存在明顯差異?？藙诘臉涿缑芏群投鄻有栽诖笙蟋F(xiàn)在不存在。棕櫚，手指，野牛和竹子(單子葉植物)也更豐富。然而，在Belum，一米高的單子葉植物幾乎不存在。來自環(huán)境與地理科學學院的Ahimsa Campos-Arceiz博士和馬來西亞大象管理與生態(tài)學院首席調(diào)查員(MEME)表示：“我們最初的期望是，亞洲大象對與非洲森林描述類似的影響加蓬大象John Terborgh和Lisa Davenport進行了以前的工作。然而，我們的研究結(jié)果表明，亞洲大象對森林動態(tài)有重要影響，但這些影響似乎與非洲森林大象產(chǎn)生的影響截然不同。最明顯的區(qū)別是單子葉植物 - 棕櫚樹，草，竹子。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)是豐富的，亞洲大象稀缺，但罕見的大象存在。我們還發(fā)現(xiàn)一些令人困惑的結(jié)果，就是樹疤 - 大象喂養(yǎng)的跡象 - 這表明大象可能不會像我們假設的那樣吃樹苗(小樹)。Campos-Arceiz博士說：“亞洲大象似乎對單子葉植物，特別是棕櫚樹更感興趣。這些結(jié)果在大象生態(tài)影響方面具有非常有趣和重要的意義。也許這就是為什么亞洲大象似乎沒有像非洲大象那樣修改森林的原因。馬來西亞的大象沖突更大，因為我們正在種植棕櫚樹，這是大象喜歡吃的食物。我們目前正在馬來西亞熱帶雨林中直接觀察大象喂養(yǎng)，繼續(xù)這項工作。“

　　Yawning — why is it so contagious and why should it matter?

　　Feeling tired? Even if we aren’t tired, why do we yawn if someone else does? Experts at the University of Nottingham have published research that suggests the human propensity for contagious yawning is triggered automatically by primitive reflexes in the primary motor cortex — an area of the brain responsible for motor function.Their study — ‘A neural basis for contagious yawning’ — has been published in the academic journal Current Biology. It is another stage in their research into the underlying biology of neuropsychiatric disorders and their search for new methods of treatment.Their latest findings show that our ability to resist yawning when someone else near us yawns is limited. And our urge to yawn is increased if we are instructed to resist yawning. But, no matter how hard we try to stifle a yawn, it might change how we yawn but it won’t alter our propensity to yawn. Importantly, they have discovered that the urge to yawn — our propensity for contagious yawning — is individual to each one of us.Professor of Cognitive Neuroscience, in the School of Psychology, led the multidisciplinary study. He said: “We suggest that these findings may be particularly important in understanding further the association between motor excitability and the occurrence of echophenomena in a wide range of clinical conditions that have been linked to increased cortical excitability and/or decreased physiological inhibition such as epilepsy, dementia, autism, and Tourette syndrome.”Echophenomena isn’t just a human traitContagious yawning is triggered involuntarily when we observe another person yawn — it is a common form of echophenomena — the automatic imitation of another’s words (echolalia) or actions (echopraxia). And it’s not just humans who have a propensity for contagious yawning — chimpanzees and dogs do it too.Echophenomena can also be seen in a wide range of clinical conditions linked to increased cortical excitability and/or decreased physiological inhibition such as epilespsy, dementia, autism and Tourette syndrome.The neural basis for contagious yawning.The neural basis for echophenomena is unknown. To test the link between motor excitability and the neural basis for contagious yawning the Nottingham research team used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). They recruited 36 adults to help with their study. These volunteers viewed video clips showing someone else yawning and were instructed to either resist yawning or to allow themselves to yawn.The participants were videoed throughout, and their yawns and stifled yawns were counted. In addition, the intensity of each participant’s perceived urge to yawn was continuously recorded.Using electrical stimulation they were also able to increase the urge to yawn.Georgina Jackson, Professor of Cognitive Neuropsychology in the Institute of Mental Health, said: “This research has shown that the ‘urge’ is increased by trying to stop yourself. Using electrical stimulation we were able to increase excitability and in doing so increase the propensity for contagious yawning. In Tourettes if we could reduce the excitability we might reduce the ticks and that’s what we are working on.”

　　研究成果三：打呵欠 - 為什么這么傳染，為什么要這么重要?

　　感覺累了?即使我們不累，為什么別人打哈欠?諾丁漢大學的專家發(fā)表了研究報告，表明人類對傳染性打呵欠的傾向是由主要運動皮層(腦部負責運動功能的區(qū)域)的原始反射自動觸發(fā)的。他們的研究 - “傳染性打呵欠的神經(jīng)基礎”已經(jīng)在當代生物學雜志上發(fā)表。它是研究神經(jīng)精神障礙的潛在生物學和尋找新的治療方法的另一個階段。他們的最新研究結(jié)果表明，當我們打呵欠的人有限時，我們抵制打呵欠的能力。如果我們被指示抵制打呵欠，我們打哈欠的沖動就會增加。但是，不管我們?nèi)绾闻Χ髿⒐?，可能會改變我們?nèi)绾未蚬罚粫淖兾覀兇蚬返膬A向。重要的是，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)打哈欠的沖動 - 我們對傳染性打呵欠的傾向 - 對我們每個人都是個人的。認知神經(jīng)科學教授史蒂芬·杰克遜(Stephen Jackson)領導了多學科研究。他說：“我們建議，這些發(fā)現(xiàn)可能特別重要，以進一步了解與廣泛的臨床條件相關的運動興奮性和發(fā)生現(xiàn)象之間的關聯(lián)，這些臨床病癥與增加的皮層興奮性和/或降低的生理抑制如癲癇有關，癡呆癥，自閉癥和Tourette綜合征?！癊chophenomena不僅僅是人的特質(zhì)嗎，當我們觀察另一個人打呵欠時，傳染性的打呵欠是不經(jīng)意的觸發(fā) - 它是一種常見的生態(tài)現(xiàn)象 - 自動模仿另一個人的話(echolalia)或動作(echopraxia)。而不僅僅是人類有傳染性打呵欠的傾向 - 黑猩猩和狗也是這樣做的。也可以在與增加的皮質(zhì)興奮性和/或降低的生理抑制如癲癇，癡呆，自閉癥和Tourette綜合征相關的廣泛臨床條件下觀察到Echophenomena。傳染性打呵欠的神經(jīng)基礎，echophenomena的神經(jīng)基礎是未知的。為了測試運動興奮性與傳染性打呵欠的神經(jīng)基礎之間的聯(lián)系，諾丁漢研究團隊使用經(jīng)顱磁刺激(TMS)。他們招募了36名成年人幫助學習。這些志愿者觀看視頻剪輯，顯示其他人打呵欠，并被指示要抵制打呵欠或讓自己打哈欠。參與者全程錄像，打呵欠，打呵欠了打呵欠。另外，每個參與者覺得的打呵欠的沖動的強度不斷被記錄下來。使用電刺激，他們也可以增加打哈欠的沖動。心理健康研究所認知神經(jīng)心理學教授喬治娜·杰克遜(Georgina Jackson)表示：“這項研究表明，試圖阻止自己的”沖動“是增加的。使用電刺激，我們能夠增加興奮性，并且這樣做增加了傳染性打呵欠的傾向。在Tourettes，如果我們可以減少興奮度，我們可能會減少蜱蟲，這就是我們正在開展的工作。“尋求個性化治療，TMS用于量化每個參與者的運動皮層興奮性和生理抑制，并預測所有志愿者的傳染性打呵欠的傾向。TMS測量被證明是傳染性打呵欠的重要預測因素，并證明每個人的傳染性打呵欠傾向由主要運動cortext的皮層興奮性和生理抑制決定。研究由ESFR博士生培訓獎授予Beverley Brown，并且是諾丁漢新生物醫(yī)學研究中心(BRC)領導研究心理健康技術的一部分，其目的是利用腦成像技術來了解神經(jīng)調(diào)制如何運作。史蒂芬杰克遜教授說：“如果我們能夠理解皮層興奮性的改變?nèi)绾我鹕窠?jīng)紊亂，我們可能會扭轉(zhuǎn)它們。我們正在尋找潛在的非藥物，個性化治療，使用可能有助于調(diào)節(jié)腦網(wǎng)絡失衡的TMS?！斑@項最新的研究是在發(fā)表他們的研究“ 關于行動的行動的功能解剖學 ”之后發(fā)表的，該研究著眼于與被認為是行動的沖動的身體感覺相關的幾種常見的神經(jīng)精神障礙。

　　四、校園環(huán)境

　　1.各個校區(qū)基本概況

　　The campus and its facilities：University Park is The University of Nottingham’s largest campus at 300 acres. Part of the University since 1929, the campus is widely regarded as one of the largest and most attractive in the country.Set in extensive greenery and around a lake, University Park is the focus of life for students, staff and visitors. Conveniently located only two miles from the city centre, the campus contains:

　　period buildings：modern state-of-the-art teaching and research facilities.12 halls of residence (accommodating over 3,000 students),several award-winning buildings.a conference and exhibition centre,sports facilities,the Lakeside Arts Centre

　　The hub of student life is the Portland Building, which houses the Students' Union, the Student Support Centre, as well as shops, banks, bars and restaurants.Green Flag grounds, walks and garden guides

　　The local community are welcome to enjoy the walks, parks and gardens in the University’s landscaped settings which feature:long-established woodland,contemporary gardens,the Millennium Garden - a quiet, reflective place in which to escape the hustle and bustle of campus life,The campus has been a Civic Trust Green Flag Award Winner every year since 2003 – the only university campus to achieve this status.

　　Recent developments:Development of the Engineering and Science Library which will incorporate the existing George Green Library is due to complete in Summer 2015.In 2011, three new teaching and learning facilities opened on University Park: Humanities Building, Mathematics Building and Engineering and Science Learning Centre.In November 2012, a 200-bed hotel, "The Orchard", adjacent to the East Midlands Conference Centre opened its doors.

　　公園校區(qū)：校園及其設施：大學公園是諾丁漢大學最大的校園，占地300英畝。自1929年以來的大學部分，校園被廣泛認為是全國規(guī)模最大，最具吸引力的校園之一。大學公園位于廣闊的綠地和湖泊周圍，是學生，工作人員和游客的生活焦點。交通便利，距離市中心只有兩英里，校園內(nèi)包含：期間建筑物、現(xiàn)代化的最先進的教學和研究設施、12個住宅(容納3000多名學生)、幾個屢獲殊榮的大樓、一個會議和展覽中心、體育設施、在湖濱藝術中心、學生生活中心是波特蘭大學其中包括學生會，學生支援中心以及商店，銀行，酒吧和餐館、綠旗地，散步和花園導游。

　　歡迎當?shù)厣鐓^(qū)享受大學景觀設計中的散步，公園和花園，其特點是：悠久的林地、當代花園、千年花園 - 一個安靜，反光的地方，以逃避喧囂的校園生活、校園自2003年以來一直是公民信任綠旗獎獲得者，這是唯一獲得這一地位的大學校園。

　　最近的發(fā)展：將加入現(xiàn)有喬治綠色圖書館的工程科學圖書館的發(fā)展工作將于2015年夏季完成。2011年，大學公園開設了三個新的教學設施：人文大廈，數(shù)學建筑與工程與科學學習中心。2012年11月，毗鄰東米德蘭茲會議中心的 一個200平方米的酒店 “The Orchard” 即將開放。

　　Jubilee Campus

　　The campus and its facilities：The Jubilee Campus is a modern purpose-built campus which now extends to 65 acres and is located only one mile from University Park. The initial phase was opened by Her Majesty the Queen in 1999. The state-of-the-art facilities now include:the Schools of Education (including CELE) and Computer Science,The Nottingham University Business School,The National College for Leadership of Schools and Children's Services,a Sports Centre,University of Nottingham Innovation Park,4000 third party purpose-built student residences within half a mile radius of the campus,The University of Nottingham

　　Maps and directions Sustainability:Built on a site that previously had industrial use, Jubilee Campus is an exemplar of brownfield regeneration and has impeccable green credentials.An important feature of the campus is the series of lakes which, as well as being home to a variety of wildlife, provide storm water attenuation and cooling for the buildings.Less visible - but equally important to the sustainable and environmental credentials of the campus – are the:roofs covered by low-growing alpine plants which help insulate and maintain steady temperatures within the buildings throughout the yearheat recovery mechanical ventilation systemslighting sensors to reduce energy consumption.photovoltaic cells integrated into the atrium roofs.lake source heating and cooling systems.biomass boiler installation.maximised use of passive ventilation engineering.

　　Awards,The environmentally-friendly nature of the campus and its buildings have been a big factor in the awards that it has received, including:the Millennium Marque Award for Environmental Excellence,the British Construction Industry Building Project of the Year,the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) Journal Sustainability Award,the Civic Trust Award for Sustainability.Lord Mayor's Award for Urban Design,The Jubilee Campus also won international praise with the Energy Globe Award.

　　禧校園：

　　校園及其設施：禧年校園是現(xiàn)代化的專用校園，現(xiàn)已擴建至65畝，距離大學公園僅一英里。最初的階段由女王陛下在1999年開放?，F(xiàn)有的最先進的設施包括：學校教育(包括CELE)和計算機科學、在諾丁漢大學商學院、國立學校和兒童服務學院、體育中心、諾丁漢創(chuàng)新園大學、在校園半英里范圍內(nèi)的4000名第三方專用學生宿舍。

　　地圖和路線，可持續(xù)發(fā)展：建立在以前有工業(yè)用途的網(wǎng)站上，禧年校園是棕色再生的典范，擁有無可挑剔的綠色資質(zhì)。校園的一個重要特征就是一系列的湖泊，以及各種野生動物的家園，為建筑物提供雨水。對校園的可持續(xù)和環(huán)境認證來說，不太可見 - 但同樣重要的是：屋頂由低生長的高山植物覆蓋，有助于全年保溫和保持建筑物內(nèi)的溫度穩(wěn)定、熱回收機械通風系統(tǒng)、照明傳感器降低能耗、光伏電池集成到中庭屋頂、湖源加熱和冷卻系統(tǒng)、生物質(zhì)鍋爐安裝、被動通風工程的最大化使用

　　獎項：校園及其建筑物的環(huán)保性質(zhì)是其獲得的獎項的一個重要因素包括：千年馬克環(huán)境卓越獎、英國建筑業(yè)年度建筑工程、皇家英國建筑師學會(RIBA)日刊可持續(xù)發(fā)展獎、公民信任可持續(xù)發(fā)展獎市長城市設計獎、禧年校園也獲得了能源地球獎的國際贊譽。

　　Sutton Bonington Campus

　　Location and facilities:The Sutton Bonington Campus is 10 miles south of University Park on the border of Nottinghamshire and Leicestershire.Its countryside location makes an ideal home for the School of Biosciences and the University's new School of Veterinary Medicine and Science.There are excellent road, rail and air links to the rest of the UK and overseas.5 miles (7km) from East Midlands Airport, with regular flights to mainland Europe3 miles (5km) from mainline East Midlands Parkway railway station at Ratcliffe-on-Soar with direct links to London (90 minutes), Nottingham, Derby, Lincoln, Leicester and Sheffield2 miles (3km) from Junction 24 of M1 motorway (access to UK’s major road network).The 100 acre campus is amply equipped with,state-of-the-art teaching and research facilities,the James Cameron-Gifford Library,student residences ─ over 700 on campus student bedrooms,a new sports centre,retail and catering outlets

　　The School of Veterinary Medicine and Science was launched in 2006, in new purpose-built facilities ─ a landmark as the UK's first new Vet School since the 1950s.School of BiosciencesOriginally established in the 1900s as an agricultural college, the School has grown radically into today's internationally renowned centre for cutting edge research in five Divisions:Animal Sciences,Food Sciences,Plant and Crop Sciences,Nutritional Sciences.Agricultural and Environmental Sciences.Landscaping,The campus enjoys a mature landscaped setting including an arboretum and a lime avenue, originally planted to commemorate those lost in the First World War and said to have a 'Queen's Shilling' buried under every tree.Developments,A new Masterplan for the campus was commissioned in 2008 and will provide a framework for the future development of the campus. As part of this, two new teaching and research buildings opened in 2011: Gateway Building and BioEnergy and Brewing Science Building.Sutton Bonington is just a 25 minute car journey from the University Park Campus and a shuttle-bus service runs between the two campuses regularly during the day.

　　薩頓·邦寧頓校區(qū)

　　位置和設施：薩頓邦寧頓校區(qū)距離諾丁漢郡和萊斯特郡邊界的大學公園以南10英里。它的鄉(xiāng)村位置是生物科學學院和大學新的獸醫(yī)學和科學學院的理想之地。有很好的公路，鐵路和空中連接到英國和海外的其他地方。距離東米德蘭茲機場5英里(7公里)，定時航班到歐洲大陸。距離主干線East Midlands Parkway火車站3公里(5公里)，在Ratcliffe-on-Soar直達倫敦(90分鐘)，諾丁漢，德比，林肯，萊斯特和謝菲爾德距M1高速公路的24號交界處2英里(3公里)(進入英國的主要道路網(wǎng))100英畝的校園裝備有：最先進的教學和研究設施、詹姆斯·卡梅隆 - 吉福德圖書館、學生宿舍 - 校園學生臥室700多個、一個新的體育中心、零售和餐飲店

　　2.圖書館

　　Libraries：The University of Nottingham boasts 10 libraries across its UK and international campuses. Together they provide access to over one million books and journals and more than three million manuscripts. We have one of the most heavily-used electronic collections in the UK, including ebooks, ejournals and databases.

　　Library facilities include:traditional silent reading areas,designated and bookable areas for group study,refreshment areas,Four of the University’s largest libraries provide some of the most technologically advanced flexible learning facilities in Europe.Membership

　　Membership is open to:University staff and students,the public,corporate groups,University Park Campus,The University Park Campus houses the Hallward Library, the George Green Library and the Denis Arnold Music Library..Hallward Library is considered to be one of the UK’s finest library buildings. Its four floors house the arts, humanities, law and social sciences collections.George Green Library of Science and Engineering has collections of biological and pure sciences, engineering and psychology, housed in a new building from 2015.Denis Arnold Music Library in the Lakeside Arts Centre has an extensive collection of musical scores and sound recordings covering classical, ethnic and 20th century classical music.

　　Jubilee Campus:The Jubilee Campus has two librariesDjanogly Learning Resource Centre

　　Business Library:Between them they serve the needs of the School of Education, the School of Computing Science and the Business School.

　　Greenfield Medical Library,The Greenfield Medical Library, located in the Medical School, has a collection of biomedical, nursing and healthcare books and periodicals used by:staff and students of the University,staff of University Hospital,staff of local NHS Trusts.James Cameron-Gifford LibraryThe James Cameron-Gifford Library on the Sutton Bonington Campus holds materials on applied biosciences, veterinary medicine and science.

　　King’s Meadow Campus:The campus is home to the University’s Manuscripts and Special Collections, including extensive archives, rare books and the local studies East Midlands Collection.

　　諾丁漢大學在英國和國際校區(qū)擁有10個圖書館。他們一起提供了超過一百萬本書籍和超過三百萬份手稿。我們擁有英國最廣泛使用的電子收藏之一，包括電子書，電子期刊和數(shù)據(jù)庫。

　　圖書館設施包括：傳統(tǒng)無聲閱讀區(qū)、指定和可預訂的小組學習領域、茶點區(qū)域、四所大學最大的圖書館在歐洲提供了一些技術最先進的靈活學習設施。

　　會員資格：大學工作人員和學生、公眾、企業(yè)集團。大學公園校區(qū)，大學公園校區(qū)設有霍爾霍夫圖書館，喬治綠色圖書館和丹尼斯·阿諾德音樂圖書館。Hallward圖書館被認為是英國最好的圖書館建筑之一。其四層樓設有藝術，人文，法律和社會科學系列。喬治綠色科學與工程圖書館收集了生物和純科學，工程和心理學，并于2015年建成一座新建筑。湖畔藝術中心的丹尼斯·阿諾德音樂圖書館擁有豐富的音樂成績和錄音，涵蓋

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