劍橋雅思13Test2Passage2閱讀原文翻譯Oxytocin

劍橋雅思13Test2Passage2閱讀原文翻譯Oxytocin，今天中國教育在線就來為大家分析這個(gè)問題。

Oxytocin

劍橋雅思13 Test2 Passage2閱讀原文翻譯

段落A

Oxytocin is a chemical,a hormone produced in the pituitary gland in the brain.It was through various studies focusing on animals that scientists first became aware of the influence of oxytocin.They discovered that it helps reinforce the bonds between prairie voles,which mate for life,and triggers the motherly behaviour that sheep show towards their newborn lambs.It is also released by women in childbirth,strengthening the attachment between mother and baby.Few chemicals have as positive a reputation as oxytocin,which is sometimes referred to as the‘love hormone’.One sniff of it can,it is claimed,make a person more trusting,empathetic,generous and cooperative.It is time,however,to revise this wholly optimistic view.A new wave of studies has shown that its effects vary greatly depending on the person and the circumstances,and it can impact on our social interactions for worse as well as for better.

催產(chǎn)素是一種化學(xué)物質(zhì)，一種由大腦中腦垂體分泌的荷爾蒙。通過對動(dòng)物的各種試驗(yàn)，科學(xué)家首次意識(shí)到催產(chǎn)素的影響。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，它有助于加強(qiáng)草原田鼠配偶之間的親密度，激發(fā)綿羊?qū)π鲁錾蚋岬哪感孕袨椤Ｅ栽谏a(chǎn)時(shí)也會(huì)分泌該物質(zhì)，加強(qiáng)母親和孩子之間的聯(lián)系。很少有化學(xué)物質(zhì)擁有像催產(chǎn)素這樣良好的名聲。它有時(shí)被稱為“愛情荷爾蒙”。據(jù)稱，只要輕輕嗅一口，就可以讓一個(gè)人變得更加信賴別人，更有同理心，更加慷慨，也更加富有合作精神。然而，是時(shí)候修改這一全盤樂觀的觀點(diǎn)了。新一批的研究顯示，其作用會(huì)根據(jù)個(gè)人和環(huán)境的不同而出現(xiàn)很大差異。它可以影響我們的社交互動(dòng)，即能讓它變得更差，也能讓它變得更好。

段落B

Oxytocin’s role in human behaviour first emerged in 2005.In a groundbreaking experiment,Markus Heinrichs and his colleagues at the University of Freiburg,Germany,asked volunteers to do an activity in which they could invest money with an anonymous person who was not guaranteed to be honest.The team found that participants who had sniffed oxytocin via a nasal spray beforehand invested more money than those who received a placebo instead.The study was the start of research into the effects of oxytocin on human interactions.‘For eight years,it was quite a lonesome field,’Heinrichs recalls.‘Now,everyone is interested.’These follow-up studies have shown that after a sniff of the hormone,people become more charitable,better at reading emotions on others’faces and at communicating constructively in arguments.Together,the results fuelled the view that oxytocin universally enhanced the positive aspects of our social nature.

2005年，催產(chǎn)素在人類行為中的作用首次被發(fā)現(xiàn)。在一次開創(chuàng)性的實(shí)驗(yàn)中，德國弗萊堡大學(xué)的Markus Heinrichs和他的同事邀請志愿者進(jìn)行一項(xiàng)活動(dòng)。在該活動(dòng)中，他們可以對一個(gè)并不保證誠信的匿名人物進(jìn)行投資。該團(tuán)隊(duì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，相比于那些吸入安慰劑的人來說，那些事先通過噴鼻劑吸入催產(chǎn)素的參與者投的錢更多。該研究開啟了對催產(chǎn)素如何影響人類互動(dòng)的探索。“8年來，它一直都是一個(gè)無人問津的領(lǐng)域”，Heinrichs回憶到，“現(xiàn)在，每個(gè)人都興趣盎然”。隨后的研究顯示，在吸入荷爾蒙之后，人們變得更加寬厚，更能從他人的面部讀取情緒，更能在爭論中建設(shè)性地交流意見。加在一起，這些結(jié)果催生出這樣一種觀念，即催產(chǎn)素全面加強(qiáng)了我們社交屬性中的積極方面。

段落C

Then,after a few years,contrasting findings began to emerge.Simone Shamay-Tsoory at the University of Haifa,Israel,found that when volunteers played a competitive game,those who inhaled the hormone showed more pleasure when they beat other players,and felt more envy when others won.What’s more,administering oxytocin also has sharply contrasting outcomes depending on a person’s disposition.Jennifer Bartz from Mount Sinai School of Medicine,New York,found that it improves people’s ability to read emotions,but only if they are not very socially adept to begin with.Her research also shows that oxytocin in fact reduces cooperation in subjects who are particularly anxious or sensitive to rejection.

幾年后，相反的研究結(jié)果開始出現(xiàn)。以色列海法大學(xué)的Simone Shamay-Tsoory發(fā)現(xiàn)，當(dāng)志愿者進(jìn)行競爭性游戲時(shí)，那些吸入荷爾蒙的人會(huì)在擊敗其他玩家時(shí)表現(xiàn)出更多的愉悅，而在其他人文章來自 雅思獲勝時(shí)則會(huì)更加嫉妒。此外，使用催產(chǎn)素也會(huì)因?yàn)閭€(gè)人性格而出現(xiàn)截然不同的結(jié)果。紐約西奈山醫(yī)學(xué)院的Jennifer Bartz發(fā)現(xiàn)，它確實(shí)能夠提升人們閱讀情緒的能力，但這一點(diǎn)只有在他們本來不怎么擅長社交的情況下才成立。她的研究還顯示，催產(chǎn)素事實(shí)上減少了那些對拒絕特別緊張或者敏感的實(shí)驗(yàn)對象之間的合作。

段落D

Another discovery is that oxytocin’s effects vary depending on who we are interacting with.Studies conducted by Carolyn DeClerck of the University of Antwerp,Belgium,revealed that people who had received a dose of oxytocin actually became less cooperative when dealing with complete strangers.Meanwhile,Carsten De Dreu at the University of Amsterdam in the Netherlands discovered that volunteers given oxytocin showed favouritism:Dutch men became quicker to associate positive words with Dutch names than with foreign ones,for example.According to De Dreu,oxytocin drives people to care for those in their social circles and defend them from outside dangers.So,it appears that oxytocin strengthens biases,rather than promoting general goodwill,as was previously thought.

另外一項(xiàng)發(fā)現(xiàn)是，催產(chǎn)素的效果也會(huì)因我們進(jìn)行互動(dòng)的人的不同而出現(xiàn)差異。比利時(shí)安特衛(wèi)普大學(xué)Carolyn DeClerck所進(jìn)行的研究表明，攝入催產(chǎn)素的人在與完全陌生的人打交道時(shí)變得不那么配合。與此同時(shí)，荷蘭阿姆斯特丹大學(xué)的Carsten De Dreu發(fā)現(xiàn)，被給予催產(chǎn)素的實(shí)驗(yàn)者展現(xiàn)出偏好行為，例如，荷蘭男性會(huì)更快的將積極詞匯與荷蘭姓名而非外國姓名聯(lián)系在一起。根據(jù)De Dreu的研究，催產(chǎn)素驅(qū)使人們關(guān)心那些處于他們社交圈中的人，并保護(hù)他們遠(yuǎn)離外部危險(xiǎn)。所以，催產(chǎn)素似乎強(qiáng)化了偏見，而不是像之前所認(rèn)為的那樣，整體提升人們的善念。

段落E

There were signs of these subtleties from the start.Bartz has recently shown that in almost half of the existing research results,oxytocin influenced only certain individuals or in certain circumstances.Where once researchers took no notice of such findings,now a more nuanced understanding of oxytocin’s effects is propelling investigations down new lines.To Bartz,the key to understanding what the hormone does lies in pinpointing its core function rather than in cataloguing its seemingly endless effects.There are several hypotheses which are not mutually exclusive.Oxytocin could help to reduce anxiety and fear.Or it could simply motivate people to seek out social connections.She believes that oxytocin acts as a chemical spotlight that shines on social clues–a shift in posture,a flicker of the eyes,a dip in the voice–making people more attuned to their social environment.This would explain why it makes us more likely to look others in the eye and improves our ability to identify emotions.But it could also make things worse for people who are overly sensitive or prone to interpreting social cues in the worst light.

從一開始就有這些微妙之處的跡象。Bartz最近指出，在將近一半的現(xiàn)有研究結(jié)果中，催產(chǎn)素只影響了特定的個(gè)體或者只在特定的環(huán)境中發(fā)揮作用。研究者曾一度忽視了這些發(fā)現(xiàn)，而現(xiàn)在對催產(chǎn)素作用更為細(xì)致的理解正推動(dòng)調(diào)查研究沿著一條新的路徑前進(jìn)。對于Bartz來說，理解荷爾蒙作用的關(guān)鍵在于確定其核心功能，而非歸納整理其似乎無窮無盡的影響?，F(xiàn)在有幾種并不完全互相排斥的理論假設(shè)。催產(chǎn)素能夠幫助緩解緊張和恐懼。或者，它只是簡單的推動(dòng)人們?nèi)ふ疑缃宦?lián)系。她認(rèn)為，催產(chǎn)素就像照耀社交提示（姿勢的改變，眼睛的眨動(dòng)，嗓音變低）的聚光燈一樣，使得人們更加適應(yīng)他們的社交環(huán)境。這解釋了為什么它讓我們更有可能去注視別人的眼睛，提升我們識(shí)別情緒的能力。但它對于那些過度敏感，或者傾向于用最壞的方式解讀社交線索的人來說，則會(huì)使情況變得更加糟糕。

段落F

Perhaps we should not be surprised that the oxytocin story has become more perplexing.The hormone is found in everything from octopuses to sheep,and its evolutionary roots stretch back half a billion years.‘It’s a very simple and ancient molecule that has been co-opted for many different functions,’says Sue Carter at the University of Illinois,Chicago,USA.‘It affects primitive parts of the brain like the amygdala,so it’s going to have many effects on just about everything.’Bartz agrees.‘Oxytocin probably does some very basic things,but once you add our higher-order thinking and social situations,these basic processes could manifest in different ways depending on individual differences and context.’

或許，我們并不應(yīng)該為催產(chǎn)素的故事變得更加復(fù)雜而感到吃驚。從章魚到綿羊的萬事萬物中都能找到荷爾蒙的存在，它的進(jìn)化源頭可以追溯到50億年前。“它是一種十分簡單又古老的分子，整合了許多不同的功能”，美國芝加哥伊利諾伊大學(xué)的Sue Carter說，“它影響著像杏仁體這樣大腦中最為基本的部分，所以它會(huì)對幾乎所有事情產(chǎn)生許多影響”。Bartz同意這種說法?！按弋a(chǎn)素可能起著一些十分基本的作用，不過一旦你加入我們更為高階的思考和社交情景，這些基本過程就會(huì)因個(gè)體差異和背景而以不同的方式顯現(xiàn)出來”。

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