劍橋雅思16Test1Passage1閱讀原文翻譯 Why we need to protect polar bears

劍橋雅思16Test1Passage1閱讀原文翻譯 Why we need to protect polar bears 具體的內(nèi)容和中國教育在線平臺一起來看看吧

劍橋雅思16 Test1 Passage1閱讀原文翻譯

第1段

Polar bears are being increasingly threatened by the effects of climate change, but their disappearance could have far-reaching consequences. They are uniquely adapted to the extreme conditions of the Arctic Circle, where temperatures can reach-40°C. One reason for this is that they have up to 11 centimetres of fat underneath their skin. Humans with comparative levels of adipose tissue would be considered obese and would be likely to suffer from diabetes and heart disease. Yet the polar bear experiences no such consequences.

北極熊正日益受到氣候變化的威脅，它們的消失可能產(chǎn)生影響深遠(yuǎn)的結(jié)果。它們十分適應(yīng)北極圈的極端條件。那里的溫度可以達(dá)到零下40度。其原因之一是，它們皮膚之下有著厚達(dá)11厘米的脂肪層。擁有類似脂肪組織的人類會被認(rèn)為是過度肥胖，并可能遭受糖尿病和心臟病的折磨。然而，北極熊身上并沒有出現(xiàn)以上情況。

第2段

A 2014 study by Shi Ping Liu and colleagues sheds light on this mystery. They compared the genetic structure of polar bears with that of their closest relatives from a warmer climate, the brown bears. This allowed them to determine the genes that have allowed polar bears to survive in one of the toughest environments on Earth. Liu and his colleagues found the polar bears had a gene known as APoB, which reduces levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) – a form of ‘bad’ cholesterol. In humans, mutations of this gene are associated with increased risk of heart disease. Polar bears may therefore be an important study model to understand heart disease in humans.

Shi Ping Liu及其同事在2014年進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)研究幫助解答了這一謎題。他們比較了北極熊和棕熊（生活在溫暖氣候中的北極熊的近親）的基因。這讓他們得以確定究竟是哪個基因片段讓北極熊能夠在地球上最嚴(yán)酷的環(huán)境條件下生存。Liu和他的同事發(fā)現(xiàn)，北極熊有著被稱為APoB的基因段。它可以減少低密度脂肪蛋白的水平（一種有害的膽固醇）。人類中，這一基因的變異會提升患上心臟病的危險。因此，北極熊可能對于理解人類心臟病有著重要意義。

第3段

The genome of the polar bear may also provide the solution for another condition, one that particularly affects our older generation: osteoporosis. This is a disease where bones show reduced density, usually caused by insufficient exercise, reduced calcium intake or food starvation. Bone tissue is constantly being remodelled, meaning that bone is added or removed, depending on nutrient availability and the stress that the bone is under. This article is from Laokaoya website. Female polar bears, however, undergo extreme conditions during every pregnancy. Once autumn comes around, these females will dig maternity dens in the snow and will remain there throughout the winter, both before and after the birth of their cubs. This process results in about six months of fasting, where the female bears have to keep themselves and their cubs alive, depleting their own calcium and calorie reserves. Despite this, their bones remain strong and dense.

北極熊的基因圖譜也可能包含著另一項(xiàng)嚴(yán)重影響著老年人的疾病-骨質(zhì)疏松-的解決方案。這是一種骨頭密度變低的疾病，通常由鍛煉不足，鈣攝入量減少或者食物缺乏造成。骨骼組織不斷重塑，要么增加要么減少，具體取決于人們的營養(yǎng)狀況以及骨頭所承擔(dān)的壓力。然而，雌性北極熊每次懷孕的時候都會經(jīng)歷極端狀況。一旦秋天來臨，這些雌性文章來自老烤鴨雅思會在積雪中挖出供懷孕時使用的洞穴，整個冬天都待在里面，無論是產(chǎn)崽前還是產(chǎn)崽后。這一過程會導(dǎo)致長達(dá)六個月的禁食，而雌性北極熊必須保證自己和幼崽的存活，不斷消耗自己的鈣和能量儲備。盡管如此，它們的骨骼依然強(qiáng)壯緊密。

第4段

Physiologists Alanda Lennox and Allen Goodship found an explanation for this paradox in 2008. They discovered that pregnant bears were able to increase the density of their bones before they started to build their dens. In addition, six months later, when they finally emerged from the den with their cubs, there was no evidence of significant loss of bone density. Hibernating brown bears do not have this capacity and must therefore resort to major bone reformation in the following spring. If the mechanism of bone remodelling in polar bears can be understood, many bedridden humans, and even astronauts, could potentially benefit.

生理學(xué)家Alanda Lennox和Allen Goodship于2008年解釋了這一矛盾現(xiàn)象。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)懷孕的北極熊能夠在開始建造獸穴之前提升自己的骨骼密度。此外，六個月后，當(dāng)它們帶著幼崽一起從洞穴中出來的時候，沒有任何證據(jù)表明，他們的骨骼密度有明顯下降。冬眠的棕熊并不具備這種能力，因此他們必須在接下來的春天進(jìn)行大量的骨骼重塑。如果我們能夠理解北極熊骨骼重塑的機(jī)制，許多臥床不起的人類，甚至是宇航員，都能夠從中受益。

第5段

The medical benefits of the polar bear for humanity certainly have their importance in our conservation efforts, but these should not be the only factors taken into consideration. We tend to want to protect animals we think are intelligent and possess emotions, such as elephants and primates. Bears, on the other hand, seem to be perceived as stupid and in many cases violent. And yet anecdotal evidence from the field challenges those assumptions, suggesting for example that polar bears have good problem-solving abilities. A male bear called GoGo in Tennoji Zoo, Osaka, has even been observed making use of a tool to manipulate his environment. The bear used a tree branch on multiple occasions to dislodge a piece of meat hung out of his reach. Problem-solving ability has also been witnessed in wild polar bears, although not as obviously as with GoGo. A calculated move by a male bear involved running and jumping onto barrels in an attempt to get to a photographer standing on a platform four metres high.

北極熊對于人類醫(yī)療的積極影響當(dāng)然是我們采取保護(hù)行動的重要原因，但這不應(yīng)該是唯一的因素。我們總是傾向于保護(hù)我們認(rèn)為聰明或者擁有情感的動物，如大象和靈長類動物。相比之下，熊在很多情況下被認(rèn)為是愚蠢的，甚至是危險的。然而，這一領(lǐng)域的傳聞對這些假設(shè)提出挑戰(zhàn)，證明北極熊擁有很好的解決問題的能力。大阪Tennoji動物園一只叫做GoGo的雄性北極熊被觀察到利用工具操控自己的環(huán)境。他在多個場合利用樹枝取下掛在自己夠不著的地方的肉。問題解決能力也能夠在野生北極熊身上觀察到，雖然不像GoGo那么明顯。一只雄性北極熊仔細(xì)規(guī)劃自己的策略，助跑跳上油桶，嘗試接近站在四米高的平臺上的攝影師。

第6段

In other studies, such as one by Alison Ames in 2008, polar bears showed deliberate and focussed manipulation. For example, Ames observed bears putting objects in piles and then knocking them over in what appeared to be a game. The study demonstrates that bears are capable of agile and thought-out behaviours. These examples suggest bears have greater creativity and problem-solving abilities than previously thought.

在其他研究中，如Alison Ames在2008年所做的研究，北極熊展現(xiàn)出目的性和有意的操控。例如，Ames觀察到，北極熊將物品堆疊起來，然后再弄翻它們，似乎是在進(jìn)行游戲。這項(xiàng)研究證明，北極熊能夠做出經(jīng)過思考的行為。這些例子表明，熊擁有比人們之前認(rèn)為的更強(qiáng)的創(chuàng)造力和問題解決能力。

第7段

As for emotions, while the evidence is once again anecdotal, many bears have been seen to hit out at ice and snow – seemingly out of frustration – when they have just missed out on a kill. Moreover, polar bears can form unusual relationships with other species, including playing with the dogs used to pull sleds in the Arctic. Remarkably, one hand-raised polar bear called Agee has formed a close relationship with her owner Mark Dumas to the point where they even swim together. This is even more astonishing since polar bears are known to actively hunt humans in the wild.

至于情感，雖然證據(jù)再一次只是傳聞性質(zhì)的，但當(dāng)它們錯過捕殺機(jī)會的時候，許多熊都被看到過出于沮喪而擊打冰面或者雪地。此外，北極熊能夠與其他物種形成非同尋常的關(guān)系，包括與在北極的雪橇犬玩耍。出乎意料的是，一頭由人類養(yǎng)大的、被叫做Agee的北極熊與其主人Mark Dumas的關(guān)系是如此親密，以至于他們可以一起游泳。這一點(diǎn)更讓人震驚，因?yàn)楸睒O熊會在荒野中襲擊人類是出了名的。

第8段

If climate change were to lead to their extinction, this would mean not only the loss of potential breakthroughs in human medicine, but more importantly, the disappearance of an intelligent, majestic animal.

如果氣候變化導(dǎo)致北極熊滅絕，這不僅意味著人類醫(yī)療可能性的突破徹底消失，而且更重要的是，我們將失去一種智慧、威嚴(yán)的動物。

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