Distraction托福聽力原文翻譯及問題答案

Distraction托福聽力原文翻譯及問題答案

一、Distraction托福聽力原文：

Narrator:Listen to part of a lecture in a psychology class.FEMALE PROFESSOR:For decades,psychologists have been looking at our ability to perform tasks while other things are going on—how we're able to keep from being distracted and what the conditions for good concentration are.As long ago as 1982,researchers came up with something called the CFQ—the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire.This questionnaire asks people to rate themselves according to how often they get distracted in different situations,like um,forgetting to save a computer file because they had something else on their mind,or missing a speed-limit sign on the road.John?MALE STUDENT:I've lost my share of computer files,but not because I'm easily distracted.I just forget to save them.FEMALE PROFESSOR:And that's part of the problem with the CFQ.It doesn’t take other factors into account enough,like forgetfulness.Plus,you can't really say you're getting objective,scientific results from a subjective questionnaire where people report on themselves.So it’s no surprise that someone attempted to design an objective way to measure distraction.It's a simple computer game designed by a psychologist named Nilli Lavie.In Lavie's game,people watch as the letters NARRATOR and X appear and disappear in a certain area on the computer screen.

Every time they see an NARRATOR,they press one key;and every time they see an X,they press another.Except other letters also start appearing in the surrounding area of the screen—with increasing frequency—which creates a distraction and makes the task more difficult.Lavie observed that people’s reaction time slowed as these distractions increased.

FEMALE STUDENT:Well,that's not too surprising,is it?FEMALE PROFESSOR:No,it's not.It's the next part of the experiment that was surprising.When the difficulty really increased,when the screen filled up with letters,people got better at spotting the Xs and Ns.Uh,why do you think that happened?

MALE STUDENT:Well?maybe when we're really concentrating,we just don't perceive irrelevant information;maybe we just don't take it in,you know?FEMALE PROFESSOR:Yes,and that's one of the hypotheses that was proposed—that the brain simply doesn't admit the unimportant information.The second hypothesis is that yes,we do perceive everything,but the brain categorizes the information?and whatever's not relevant to what we're concentrating on gets treated as low priority.

So Lavie did another experiment designed to look at this ability to concentrate better in the face of increased difficulty.This time she used brain-scanning equipment to monitor activity in a certain part of the brain:the area called V5,which is part of the visual cortex—the part of our brains that processes visual stimuli.

V5 is the area of the visual cortex that’s responsible for the sensation of movement.Once again,Lavie gave people a computer-based task to do:they had to distinguish between words in upper and lowercase letters,or—even harder—they had to count the number of syllables in different words.

This time the distraction was a moving star field in the background—you know,where it looks like you’re moving through space,passing stars?Normally,area V5 would be stimulated as those moving stars are perceived,and sure enough,Lavie found that,during the task,area V5 was active,so people were aware of the moving star field.That means people were not“blocking out”the distraction.FEMALE STUDENT:Wait,so doesn't that mean that the first hypothesis you mentioned was wrong?The one that says we don't even perceive irrelevant information when we're concentrating?

FEMALE PROFESSOR:Yes,that's right?up to a point.But that's not all.Lavie also discovered that as she made the task more difficult,V5 became less active.So that means that now people weren't really noticing the star field at all.That was quite a surprise,and it proved that the second hypothesis,that we do perceive everything all the time,but the brain categorizes distractions differently?well,that wasn't true either.

Lavie thinks the solution lies in the brain’s ability to accept or ignore visual information.She thinks its capacity is limited.It's like a highway:when there are too many cars,traffic is stopped.No one can get on.So when the brain is loaded to capacity,no new distractions can be perceived.

Now,that may be the correct conclusion for visual distractions?but more research is needed to tell us how the brain deals with,say,the distractions of solving a math problem when we're hungry,or when someone is singing in the next room.

二、Distraction托福聽力中文翻譯：

旁白：在心理學(xué)課上聽一節(jié)課的一部分。女教授：幾十年來，心理學(xué)家一直在研究我們在其他事情發(fā)生時執(zhí)行任務(wù)的能力，我們?nèi)绾文軌虮苊夥中?，以及良好注意力集中的條件是什么。早在1982年，研究人員就提出了一種稱為CFQ的認(rèn)知失敗問卷。這份調(diào)查問卷要求人們根據(jù)在不同情況下分心的頻率對自己進(jìn)行評分，例如，嗯，因?yàn)槟X子里想的其他事情而忘記保存電腦文件，或者在路上錯過了限速標(biāo)志。廁所？男學(xué)生：我丟了我那份電腦文件，但不是因?yàn)槲胰菀追中摹Ｎ抑皇峭司人麄?。女教授：這是CFQ問題的一部分。它沒有充分考慮其他因素，比如健忘。此外，你不能說你從主觀問卷中獲得了客觀、科學(xué)的結(jié)果，人們在問卷中對自己進(jìn)行了報告。因此，毫不奇怪，有人試圖設(shè)計(jì)一種客觀的方法來衡量分心。這是一款簡單的電腦游戲，由一位名叫NilliLavie的心理學(xué)家設(shè)計(jì)。在拉維的游戲中，人們看著字母“敘述者”和X在電腦屏幕上的某個區(qū)域出現(xiàn)或消失。

每次看到敘述者，他們都會按一個鍵；每次他們看到一個X，就會按下另一個。除此之外，其他字母也開始以越來越高的頻率出現(xiàn)在屏幕周圍區(qū)域，這會分散注意力，使任務(wù)更加困難。拉維觀察到，隨著這些分心的增加，人們的反應(yīng)時間減慢。

女生：嗯，這并不奇怪，是嗎？女教授：不，不是。這是令人驚訝的實(shí)驗(yàn)的下一部分。當(dāng)難度真正增加時，當(dāng)屏幕上充滿字母時，人們更善于識別X和N。呃，你認(rèn)為為什么會這樣？

男學(xué)生：嗯?也許當(dāng)我們真正集中注意力時，我們只是沒有感知到不相關(guān)的信息；也許我們只是不接受，你知道嗎？女教授：是的，這是有人提出的假設(shè)之一，即大腦根本不接受不重要的信息。第二個假設(shè)是，是的，我們確實(shí)感知到了一切，但大腦對信息進(jìn)行了分類?任何與我們關(guān)注的內(nèi)容無關(guān)的事情都會被視為低優(yōu)先級。

因此，拉維做了另一個實(shí)驗(yàn)，旨在觀察這種在面臨越來越大的困難時更好地集中注意力的能力。這一次，她使用大腦掃描設(shè)備來監(jiān)測大腦某個部分的活動：V5區(qū)域，這是視覺皮層的一部分，我們大腦中處理視覺刺激的部分。

V5是視覺皮層中負(fù)責(zé)運(yùn)動感覺的區(qū)域。再次，拉維給人們一個基于計(jì)算機(jī)的任務(wù)：他們必須區(qū)分大寫字母和小寫字母的單詞，甚至更難的是，他們必須計(jì)算不同單詞中音節(jié)的數(shù)量。

這次分散注意力的是背景中的一個移動的恒星場，你知道，在那里你看起來像是在太空中移動，路過的恒星？正常情況下，當(dāng)人們感知到這些移動的恒星時，V5區(qū)域會受到刺激。果然，拉維發(fā)現(xiàn)，在任務(wù)期間，V5區(qū)域是活動的，因此人們意識到了移動的恒星場。這意味著人們沒有“屏蔽”分心。女學(xué)生：等等，這不意味著你提到的第一個假設(shè)是錯誤的嗎？就是說當(dāng)我們集中注意力時，我們甚至沒有察覺到不相關(guān)的信息？

女教授：是的，沒錯?在一定程度上。但這還不是全部。拉維還發(fā)現(xiàn)，隨著任務(wù)變得更加困難，V5變得不那么活躍。這意味著現(xiàn)在人們根本沒有注意到恒星場。這相當(dāng)令人驚訝，它證明了第二個假設(shè)，即我們確實(shí)一直在感知一切，但大腦對分心的分類不同?嗯，那也不是真的。

拉維認(rèn)為解決方法在于大腦接受或忽略視覺信息的能力。她認(rèn)為它的能力是有限的。這就像一條高速公路：當(dāng)車太多時，交通就會停止。沒有人能上得去。因此，當(dāng)大腦負(fù)荷到最大時，就不會有新的分心。

現(xiàn)在，這可能是視覺分心的正確結(jié)論?但是需要更多的研究來告訴我們，當(dāng)我們餓的時候，或者當(dāng)有人在隔壁唱歌的時候，大腦是如何處理解決數(shù)學(xué)問題的分心的。

三、Distraction托福聽力問題：

Q1:1.What is the lecture mainly about?

A.Methods people use to eliminate distractions

B.The area of the brain responsible for blocking distractions

C.The usefulness of questionnaires in assessing distractibility

D.Research about how the brain deals with distractions

Q2:2.According to the professor,what are two weaknesses of the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire?[Click on 2 answers.]

A.It relies on subjective reporting.

B.It assesses a limited number of situations.

C.It does not assess visual distractions.

D.It does not account for factors other than distractibility.

Q3:3.What hypotheses about distraction and the brain were Lavie's experiments involving star fields designed to investigate?[Click on 2 answers.]

A.Whether the capacity of the brain to process irrelevant information varies from person to person

B.Whether the brain perceives information that is irrelevant to the performance of a task

C.Whether the brain deals with distractions by categorizing irrelevant information as low priority

D.Whether the visual cortex is activated during the sensation of movement

Q4:4.What did Lavie's scans of subjects'visual cortexes reveal?

A.Area V5 became less active when tasks became more difficult.

B.The presence of the star field did not affect activity in area V5.

C.Area V5 became more active as more information appeared on the screen.

D.Stimulating area V5 interfered with subjects'ability to perceive motion.

Q5:5.Why does the professor mention a highway?

A.To compare two experiments designed to study distraction

B.To give an example of when area V5 might be activated

C.To describe a limitation in the brain's processing capacity

D.To make a point about the effect of distractions on driving

Q6:6.What is the professor's opinion of Lavie's work?

A.She thinks it resolves most of the major questions about distraction.

B.She feels it is of limited use because of flaws in the study designs.

C.She believes it has changed the direction of research on distraction.

D.She thinks its findings can be applied only to visual distraction.

四、Distraction托福聽力答案：

A1:正確答案：D

A2:正確答案：AD

A3:正確答案：BC

A4:正確答案：A

A5:正確答案：C

A6:正確答案：D

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