2021年7月31日雅思考試機經(jīng)回憶完整版(4)

2021年7月31日雅思考試機經(jīng)回憶完整版(4) 關(guān)于這個問題下面小編就來為各個考生解答下。

2021年7月31日雅思考試機經(jīng)回憶完整版(4) 

2021.07.31

READING

Passage 3

Topic .

Decisions, decisions!

A widely recognsed legend tells us that in Gordium (in what is now Turkey) in the fourth century BC an oxcart was roped to a pole with a complex knot. It was said that the first person to untie it would become the king of Asia. Unfortunately, the knot proved impossible 0 untie. The story continues that when confronted with this problem, rather than deliberating on how to untie the Gordian knot. Alexander, the famous ruler of the Greeks in the ancient world, simply took out his sword and cut it in two - then went on to conquer Asia. Ever since, the notion of a'Gordian solution' has refered to the atractiveness of a simple answer to an otherwise intractable problem.

Among researchers in the psychology of decision making, howvever, such solutions have traditionally held ltte appeal. in particular, the 'confict model" of decision making proposed

by psychologists Irving Jams and Leon Mann in their 1977 book, Decision Making, argued that a complex decision making process is essential for guarding individuals and groups

from the peril of 'group-think'. Decisions made without thorough canvassing, surveying., weighing，examining and reexamining relevant information and options would be suboptimal and often disastrous. One foreign affairs decision made by a well-known US political leader in the 1960s is typically held us as an example of the perils of inadequate thought, whereas his succssful handling of a later crisis is cited as an example of the advantages of careful deliberation. However, examination of these historical events by Peter Suedfield, a psychologist at the University of British Columbia, and Roderick Kramer, a psychologist at the Stanford Graduate School of Business, found lttle difference in the two decision-making processes; both crises required and received complex consideration by the poltical administration, but later only the second one was deemed to be the effective.

In general, however, organizational and political science offer Ittle evidence that complex decisions fare better than simpler ones. In fact, a growing body of work suggests that in

many situations simple 'snap' decisions will be routinely superior to more complex ones .

an idea that gained widespread public appeal with Malcolm Gladwell's best- slling book Blink (2005).

An article by Ap Dijksterhuis of the University of Amsterdam and his colleagues, Making the Right Choice: the Deliberation-without-attention Effect', runs very much in the spinit of

Gladwel's infuential text. It's core argument is that to be effective, conscious (deliberative) decision making requires cognitive resources. Because increasingly complex decisions

place increasing strain on those resources, the quality of our decisions declines as their complexity increases. In short, complex decisions overrun our cognitive powers. On the

other hand, unconscious decision making (what the author more complex decisions

27-31題為單選題

27. The legend of the Gordian knot is used to ilutrate the idea that

A.anyone can solve a dffcultt problem

B. dificult problems can have easy solutions

C. the solution to any problem requires a lot of thought

D. people who can solve complex problems make good leaders

28. The 'onflit model' of decision making proposed by Jams and Mann requires that

A. opposing poltical parties be involved

B. all important facts be considered

C，people be encouraged to have dffrent ideas

D. previous similar situations be thoroughly examined

29. According to recent thinking reinforced by Malcolm Gladwell, the best decisions

A. involve consultation

B. involve complex thought

C. are made very quickly

D. are the most attractive option

30. Dijksterhuis and his collagues claim in their article that

A. our cognitive resources improve as tasks become more complex

B. conscious decision making is negative affected by task complexity

C. unconscious decision making is a popular approach

D. deliberation without attention defines the way we make decisions

31. Dijksterhuis's car study found that, in simple tasks, participants

A. were involved in lengthy discussions

B. found it impossible to make decisions quickly

C. were unable to dfferentiate between the options

D. could make a better choice when allowed to concentrate

32-35題為摘要填空題

Djksterhuis ' s shopping study and its conclusions

Using clothing and fumiture a examples of diferent types of purchases, Dijksterhuis questioned shoppers on their stisfaction with what they had bought. People who spent 32 A fime buying

simple clothing items we are more satisfied than those who had not. However, when buying furniture, shoppers made 33.D purchasing decisions if they didn't think too hard. From this, the

researchers concluded that in other choices, perhaps more important than shopping .34 G decisions are best made by the unconscious. The writer comments that Djksterhuis ' s finding is apparently

35 B _but nonetheless true .

選項:

A. more

B. counterintuitive

C simple

D. better

E conscious

F. obvious

G. complex

H. less

I. worse

36-40為判斷題

36. Dijksterhuis”s findings agree with existing pltical and management theories . NO

37. Some political leaders seem to use deliberation without attention when making complex decisions. Not Given

38. All political decisions are complex ones . Not Given

39. We judge political leaders according to our own political beliefs YES

40. Social considerations must be taken into account for any examination of decision making to prove useful

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