劍橋雅思12Test6Passage1閱讀原文翻譯 The risks agriculture faces in developing countries

劍橋雅思12Test6Passage1閱讀原文翻譯 The risks agriculture faces in developing countries 關(guān)于這個問題中國教育在線平臺就來為各個考生解答下。

劍橋雅思12Test6Passage1雅思閱讀原文翻譯 The risks agriculture faces in developing countries 發(fā)展中國家農(nóng)業(yè)面臨的風(fēng)險

段落A

Two things distinguish food production from all other productive activities: first, every single person needs food each day and has a right to it; and second, it is hugely dependent on nature. These two unique aspects, one political, the other natural, make food production highly vulnerable and different from any other business. At the same time, cultural values are highly entrenched in food and agricultural systems worldwide.

兩件事情將食物生產(chǎn)與其他所有類型的生產(chǎn)活動區(qū)分開來：首先，每個人每天都需要食物，并且有權(quán)利獲取它。其次，它很大程度上依賴于自然條件。這兩個獨(dú)特的因素，一個政治層面，一個自然層面，使得食物生產(chǎn)十分脆弱，并與其他行業(yè)都截然不同。與此同時，文化價值已深深地滲透進(jìn)世界范圍的食物與農(nóng)業(yè)系統(tǒng)。

段落B

Farmers everywhere face major risks, including extreme weather, long-term climate change, and price volatility in input and product markets. However, smallholder farmers in developing countries must in addition deal with adverse environments, both natural, in terms of soil quality, rainfall, etc., and human, in terms of infrastructure, financial systems, markets, knowledge and technology. Counter-intuitively, hunger is prevalent among many smallholder farmers in the developing world.

世界各地的農(nóng)民都面臨著巨大風(fēng)險，包括極端天氣，長期的氣候變化，以及原材料與產(chǎn)品市場的價格波動。然而，發(fā)展中國家的小農(nóng)戶還要面臨其他不利的環(huán)境條件，既有自然層面的，比如土壤質(zhì)量、降水等；也有人文層面的，比如基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，金融體系，市場，知識和技術(shù)。與直觀感受相反，饑餓在發(fā)展中國家許多小農(nóng)戶中十分普遍。

段落C

Participants in the online debate argued that our biggest challenge is to address the underlying causes of the agricultural system’s inability to ensure sufficient food for all, and they identified as drivers of this problem our dependency on fossil fuels and unsupportive government policies.

網(wǎng)上辯論的參與者認(rèn)為，我們最大的挑戰(zhàn)是找到農(nóng)業(yè)體系無法為所有人提供充足食物的根本原因。他們將這一問題歸結(jié)于我們對化石燃料的依賴，以及政府支持政策的缺失。

段落D

On the question of mitigating the risks farmers face, most essayists called for greater state intervention. In his essay, Kanayo F. Nwanze, President of the International Fund for Agricultural Development, argued that governments can significantly reduce risks for farmers by providing basic services like roads to get produce more efficiently to markets, or water and food storage facilities to reduce losses. Sophia Murphy, senior advisor to the Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy, suggested that the procurement and holding of stocks by governments can also help mitigate wild swings in food prices by alleviating uncertainties about market supply.

在降低農(nóng)民所面臨風(fēng)險這一問題上，大多數(shù)分析者都呼吁更多的國家介入。國際農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展基金會主席Kanayo F. Nwanze在文章中提到，政府可以通過提供基礎(chǔ)服務(wù)（如修建道路以便產(chǎn)品可以更加高效地到達(dá)市場，或者修建水利和食物儲藏設(shè)施來減少損失）降低農(nóng)民的風(fēng)險。農(nóng)業(yè)與貿(mào)易政策機(jī)構(gòu)的資深顧問Sophia Murphy認(rèn)為，政府采購和貯藏也能夠幫助通過降低市場供給的不確定性來減少食物價格的劇烈波動。

段落E

Shenggen Fan, Director General of the International Food Policy Research Institute, held up social safety nets and public welfare programmes in Ethiopia, Brazil and Mexico as valuable ways to address poverty among farming families and reduce their vulnerability to agriculture shocks. However, some commentators responded that cash transfers to poor families do not necessarily translate into increased food security, as these programmes do not always strengthen food production or raise incomes. Regarding state subsidies for agriculture, Rokeya Kabir, Executive Director of Bangladesh Nari Progati Sangha, commented in her essay that these ‘have not compensated for the stranglehold exercised by private traders. In fact, studies show that sixty percent of beneficiaries of subsidies are not poor, but rich landowners and non-farmer traders.’

國際糧食政策研究所所長Shenggen Fan認(rèn)為埃塞俄比亞、巴西和墨西哥開展的社會保障和公共福利項目是一種解決農(nóng)民家庭貧困問題并降低他們面對農(nóng)業(yè)沖擊時脆弱性的寶貴手段。然而，一些評論家回應(yīng)，撥付給貧困家庭的資金不一定轉(zhuǎn)化成更高的食物安全，因為這些項目并不總是能夠加強(qiáng)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)或者提高收入。至于國家農(nóng)業(yè)補(bǔ)貼，BNPS的執(zhí)行理事Rokeya Kabir在她的文章中說到，“這些補(bǔ)貼并沒有彌補(bǔ)個體商人所施加的束縛。事實上，研究表明60%的社會補(bǔ)貼受益者并不是貧困人口，而是富裕的地主以及非農(nóng)民的中間商”。

段落F

Nwanze, Murphy and Fan argued that private risk management tools, like private insurance, commodity futures markets, and rural finance can help small-scale producers mitigate risk and allow for investment in improvements. Kabir warned that financial support schemes often encourage the adoption of high-input agricultural practices, which in the medium term may raise production costs beyond the value of their harvests. Murphy noted that when futures markets become excessively financialised they can contribute to short-term price volatility, which increases farmers’ food insecurity. Many participants and commentators emphasised that greater transparency in markets is needed to mitigate the impact of volatility, and make evident whether adequate stocks and supplies are available. Others contended that agribusiness companies should be held responsible for paying for negative side effects.

Nwanze，Murphy和Fan認(rèn)為個人風(fēng)險管理工具，比如私人保險，商品期貨市場，以及鄉(xiāng)村農(nóng)業(yè)金融可以幫助小型生產(chǎn)者降低風(fēng)險，并通過投資改善條件。Kabir警告，金融支持計劃通常會鼓勵采取高投入的農(nóng)業(yè)實踐。這在中期可能會使生產(chǎn)成本超過收獲的價值。Murphy注意到，當(dāng)期貨市場高度金融化時，它們可能會加劇短期的價格波動，從而增加農(nóng)民的糧食風(fēng)險。許多參與者和評論家強(qiáng)調(diào)，需要更大的市場透明度來減弱價格波動的影響，并且要讓是否有充足的庫存和供應(yīng)量變得顯而易見。其他人認(rèn)為，農(nóng)業(yè)綜合公司應(yīng)該為副作用承擔(dān)責(zé)任。

段落G

Many essayists mentioned climate change and its consequences for small-scale agriculture. Fan explained that ‘in addition to reducing crop yields, climate change increases the magnitude and the frequency of extreme weather events, which increase smallholder vulnerability.’ The growing unpredictability of weather patterns increases farmers’ difficulty in managing weather-related risks. According to this author, one solution would be to develop crop varieties that are more resilient to new climate trends and extreme weather patterns. Accordingly, Pat Mooney, co-founder and executive director of the ETC Group, suggested that ‘if we are to survive climate change, we must adopt policies that let peasants diversify the plant and animal species and varieties/breeds that make up our menus.’

許多分析家提到氣候變化以及它對小規(guī)模農(nóng)業(yè)的影響。Fan解釋到，“除了降低糧食產(chǎn)量之外，氣候變化還增加了極端天氣的程度和頻率，從而讓小農(nóng)戶變得更加脆弱”。天氣模式的日益不可預(yù)測性增加了農(nóng)民在管理天氣相關(guān)風(fēng)險時的難度。根據(jù)這位作者的觀點(diǎn)，一種解決方案是提升糧食多樣性，以適應(yīng)新的氣候趨勢和極端天氣模式。相應(yīng)的，ETC集團(tuán)的聯(lián)合創(chuàng)始人兼執(zhí)行理事Pat Mooney認(rèn)為，“如果我們想在氣候變化中生存，我們必須采取相應(yīng)政策，讓農(nóng)民豐富出現(xiàn)在我們菜單上的農(nóng)作物和牲畜的種類。

段落H

Some participating authors and commentators argued in favour of community-based and autonomous risk management strategies through collective action groups, co-operatives or producers’ groups. Such groups enhance market opportunities for small-scale producers, reduce marketing costs and synchronise buying and selling with seasonal price conditions. According to Murphy, ‘collective action offers an important way for farmers to strengthen their political and economic bargaining power, and to reduce their business risks.’ One commentator, Giel Ton, warned that collective action does not come as a free good. It takes time, effort and money to organise, build trust and to experiment. Others, like Marcel Vernooij and Marcel Beukeboom, suggested that in order to ‘a(chǎn)pply what we already know’, all stakeholders, including business, government, scientists and civil society, must work together, starting at the beginning of the value chain.

一些參與作者和評論家青睞基于社區(qū)并自主運(yùn)行的風(fēng)險管理策略。這種策略通過集體行動小組、合作社以及生產(chǎn)者團(tuán)體實現(xiàn)。這些團(tuán)體可以提升小規(guī)模生產(chǎn)者的市場機(jī)會，降低營銷成本，并使買賣與季節(jié)性的價格條件相同步。根據(jù)Murphy的觀點(diǎn)，“集體行動為農(nóng)民提供了一種重要的方式來加強(qiáng)他們政治與經(jīng)濟(jì)的議價能力，并降低他們的商業(yè)風(fēng)險。一名評論者，Giel Ton警告，集體行動并不是唾手可得。它需要時間、精力和金錢來組織、建立信任并進(jìn)行實驗。其他人，比如Marcel Vernooij和Marcel Beukeboom認(rèn)為，為了應(yīng)用我們已經(jīng)知道的方法，包括企業(yè)、政府、科學(xué)家和市民社會在內(nèi)的所有利益相關(guān)方必須從價值鏈的起點(diǎn)開始，一起努力。

段落I

Some participants explained that market price volatility is often worsened by the presence of intermediary purchasers who, taking advantage of farmers’ vulnerability, dictate prices. One commentator suggested farmers can gain greater control over prices and minimise price volatility by selling directly to consumers. Similarly, Sonali Bisht, founder and advisor to the Institute of Himalayan Environmental Research and Education (INHERE), India, wrote that community-supported agriculture, where consumers invest in local farmers by subscription and guarantee producers a fair price, is a risk-sharing model worth more attention. Direct food distribution systems not only encourage small-scale agriculture but also give consumers more control over the food they consume, she wrote.

一些參與者解釋到，中間商的存在往往會加劇市場價格波動。他們利用農(nóng)民的脆弱性操縱價格。一名評論者認(rèn)為，農(nóng)民可以通過直接向消費(fèi)者出售商品來獲得更大的價格控制權(quán)，并使價格波動最小化。相似的，印度喜馬拉雅環(huán)境研究與教育機(jī)構(gòu)的創(chuàng)始人和顧問Sonali Bisht寫到，社區(qū)互助農(nóng)業(yè)是一種值得關(guān)注的風(fēng)險分?jǐn)偰Ｊ?。在這種模式中，消費(fèi)者通過訂購和承諾生產(chǎn)者一個公平的價格來投資當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)民。她寫道，食物直銷系統(tǒng)不僅會鼓勵小規(guī)模農(nóng)業(yè)，而且還能讓消費(fèi)者對他們所消費(fèi)的食物有更多的控制。

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