劍橋雅思12Test6Passage3閱讀原文翻譯 The Benefits of Being Bilingual

劍橋雅思12Test6Passage3閱讀原文翻譯 The Benefits of Being Bilingual 文章一共7段，分別介紹了雙語使用者在沖突管理型任務(wù)，感覺加工，掌握新語言，保持認(rèn)知系統(tǒng)靈敏等方面的優(yōu)勢。關(guān)于這個問題中國教育在線平臺就來為各個考生解答下。

劍橋雅思12Test6Passage3閱讀原文翻譯The Benefits of Being Bilingual雙語使用者的優(yōu)勢

段落A

According to the latest figures, the majority of the world’s population is now bilingual or multilingual, having grown up speaking two or more languages. In the past, such children were considered to be at a disadvantage compared with their monolingual peers. Over the past few decades, however, technological advances have allowed researchers to look more deeply at how bilingualism interacts with and changes the cognitive and neurological systems, thereby identifying several clear benefits of being bilingual.

根據(jù)最新的數(shù)據(jù)，世界上大多數(shù)人口現(xiàn)在都能夠使用兩種或多種語言（說著兩種或更多種語言長大）。過去，與只說一種語言的同齡人相比，這些孩子被認(rèn)為處于劣勢。但在過去幾十年里，技術(shù)的進(jìn)步讓研究者可以更加深入地探索雙語使用如何影響并改變認(rèn)知和神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)，從而找出能夠使用兩種語言的一些明顯好處。

段落B

Research shows that when a bilingual person uses one language, the other is active at the same time. When we hear a word, we don’t hear the entire word all at once: the sounds arrive in sequential order. Long before the word is finished, the brain’s language system begins to guess what that word might be. If you hear ‘can’, you will likely activate words like ‘candy’ and ‘candle’ as well, at least during the earlier stages of word recognition. For bilingual people, this activation is not limited to a single language; auditory input activates corresponding words regardless of the language to which they belong. Some of the most compelling evidence for this phenomenon, called ‘language co-activation’, comes from studying eye movements. A Russian-English bilingual asked to ‘pick up a marker’ from a set of objects would look more at a stamp than someone who doesn’t know Russian, because the Russian word for ‘stamp’, marka, sounds like the English word he or she heard, ‘marker’. In cases like this, language co-activation occurs because what the listener hears could map onto words in either language.

研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，當(dāng)雙語人士使用一種語言時，另一種也會同時處于活躍狀態(tài)。當(dāng)我們聽到一個單詞時，我們并不是立刻聽到完整的詞匯：按順序傳到耳朵里。早在單詞說完之前，大腦的語言系統(tǒng)就開始猜測這個單詞可能是什么。如果你聽到can，你可能會激活諸如candy和candle這樣的單詞。至少在單詞識別的早期階段如此。對于雙語使用者而言，這一激活過程并不局限于一種語言。不論單詞所屬的語言是什么，聽覺輸入都會激活相應(yīng)的它們。這一被稱作“語言協(xié)調(diào)激活”的現(xiàn)象最有說服力的證據(jù)來自于對眼球運(yùn)動的研究。與不會俄語的人相比，一名俄語和英語的使用者被要求從一組物品中“pick up marker”時，會更多的看向郵票，因?yàn)槎碚Z中對應(yīng)郵票的單詞marka，聽起來與他/她聽到的英語單詞marker十分相似。在諸如此類的案例中，語言協(xié)調(diào)激活的出現(xiàn)是因?yàn)槿藗儼崖牭降膬?nèi)容映射到任一語言的單詞上。

段落C

Having to deal with this persistent linguistic competition can result in difficulties, however. For instance, knowing more than one language can cause speakers to name pictures more slowly, and can increase ‘tip-of-the-tongue states’, when you can almost, but not quite, bring a word to mind. As a result, the constant juggling of two languages creates a need to control how much a person accesses a language at any given time. For this reason, bilingual people often perform better on tasks that require conflict management. In the classic Stroop Task, people see a word and are asked to name the colour of the word’s font. When the colour and the word match (i.e., the word ‘red’ printed in red), people correctly name the colour more quickly than when the colour and the word don’t match (i.e., the word ‘red’ printed in blue). This occurs because the word itself (‘red’) and its font colour (blue) conflict. Bilingual people often excel at tasks such as this, which tap into the ability to ignore competing perceptual information and focus on the relevant aspects of the input. Bilinguals are also better at switching between two tasks; for example, when bilinguals have to switch from categorizing objects by colour (red or green) to categorizing them by shape (circle or triangle), they do so more quickly than monolingual people, reflecting better cognitive control when having to make rapid changes of strategy.

然而，應(yīng)對這種持續(xù)的語言競爭會導(dǎo)致一些困難。例如，通曉不止一種語言會造成人們在說出圖片名稱時較為緩慢，并出現(xiàn)更多“話在嘴邊”的現(xiàn)象，即你幾乎能想到某個單詞，卻無法說出口。這樣一來，兩種語言持續(xù)的斗爭就要求人們在任何時候都控制好語言的接入。正因?yàn)檫@一原因，雙語使用者通常在那些需要管理沖突的任務(wù)上表現(xiàn)更好。在經(jīng)典的斯特色譜任務(wù)中，參與者被要求說出所看到的字體的顏色。相比于顏色與單詞不匹配的情況（比如red被印刷成藍(lán)色），當(dāng)顏色與單詞匹配時（比如red被印刷成紅色），人們可以更快地準(zhǔn)確說出顏色名稱。這是因?yàn)閱卧~自身（red）與它的字體顏色（blue）相沖突。雙語使用者通常在這類任務(wù)中表現(xiàn)的更好。他們擅長忽略干擾性信息而專注于輸入信息中的有效內(nèi)容。雙語使用者在任務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)換方面表現(xiàn)的也更好。例如，當(dāng)雙語使用者需要從將物體按顏色（紅色或綠色）分類的任務(wù)中轉(zhuǎn)換到按形狀（圓形或三角形）分類時，他們會比單一語言使用者更快。這反映出，當(dāng)需要進(jìn)行快速的策略轉(zhuǎn)變時，他們擁有更好的認(rèn)知控制能力。

段落D

It also seems that the neurological roots of the bilingual advantage extend to brain areas more traditionally associated with sensory processing. When monolingual and bilingual adolescents listen to simple speech sounds without any intervening background noise, they show highly similar brain stem responses. When researchers play the same sound to both groups in the presence of background noise, however, the bilingual listeners’ neural response is considerably larger, reflecting better encoding of the sound’s fundamental frequency, a feature of sound closely related to pitch perception.

雙語優(yōu)勢的神經(jīng)根源似乎延伸到傳統(tǒng)上與感官處理更為相關(guān)的大腦區(qū)域。當(dāng)使用單一語言的青少年和使用兩種語言的青少年在沒有背景噪音的干擾下聽一段簡單的演講時，他們展現(xiàn)出高度相似的腦干反應(yīng)。然而，當(dāng)研究者在有背景噪音的情況下，為兩組人播放相同的音頻時，雙語使用者的神經(jīng)反應(yīng)更為明顯。這反映出他們可以更好地對聲音的基礎(chǔ)頻率進(jìn)行編碼，而聲音基礎(chǔ)頻率這一特征與音調(diào)知覺緊密相關(guān)。

段落E

Such improvements in cognitive and sensory processing may help a bilingual person to process information in the environment, and help explain why bilingual adults acquire a third language better than monolingual adults master a second language. This advantage may be rooted in the skill of focusing on information about the new language while reducing interference from the languages they already know.

這些認(rèn)知和感官處理方面的提升可能有助于雙語使用者處理環(huán)境中的信息，并有助于解釋為什么使用雙語的成年人會比使用單一語言的成年人更好的掌握第三種語言。這一優(yōu)勢的根源可能在于專注新語言的信息并減少已知語言干擾的能力。

段落F

Research also indicates that bilingual experience may help to keep the cognitive mechanisms sharp by recruiting alternate brain networks to compensate for those that become damaged during aging. Older bilinguals enjoy improved memory relative to monolingual people, which can lead to real-world health benefits. In a study of over 200 patients with Alzheimer’s disease, a degenerative brain disease, bilingual patients reported showing initial symptoms of the disease an average of five years later than monolingual patients. In a follow-up study, researchers compared the brains of bilingual and monolingual patients matched on the severity of Alzheimer’s symptoms. Surprisingly, the bilinguals’ brains had more physical signs of disease than their monolingual counterparts, even though their outward behaviour and abilities were the same. If the brain is an engine, bilingualism may help it to go farther on the same amount of fuel.

研究也表明，通過利用大腦備用網(wǎng)絡(luò)來彌補(bǔ)那些由于老化而受到損傷的部分，雙語經(jīng)歷可以幫助保持認(rèn)知機(jī)制的靈敏。與單一語言使用者相比，老年雙語使用者的記憶力較好。這會給我們的健康帶來切實(shí)的好處。在一項(xiàng)對超過200名阿爾茲海默癥（一種大腦退化疾病）患者的研究中，使用兩種語言的病人報(bào)告癥狀比只使用一種語言的病人平均晚5年。在隨后的一項(xiàng)研究中，研究者比較了阿爾茲海默癥癥狀嚴(yán)重程度一致的雙語病人和單一語言病人的大腦。令人驚訝的是，與單一語言的病人相比，雙語使用者的大腦擁有更多的疾病體征，盡管他們展現(xiàn)出來的行為和能力是相同的。如果大腦是臺發(fā)動機(jī)的話，雙語能力可能會幫助它在相同燃料的情況下走的更遠(yuǎn)。

段落G

Furthermore, the benefits associated with bilingual experience seem to start very early. In one study, researchers taught seven-month-old babies growing up in monolingual or bilingual homes that when they heard a tinkling sound, a puppet appeared on one side of a screen. Halfway through the study, the puppet began appearing on the opposite side of the screen. In order to get a reward, the infants had to adjust the rule they’d learned; only the bilingual babies were able to successfully learn the new rule. This suggests that for very young children, as well as for older people, navigating a multilingual environment imparts advantages that transfer far beyond language.

此外，與雙語經(jīng)歷相關(guān)的好處似乎很早就顯現(xiàn)出來。在一項(xiàng)研究中，研究者教授來自單語或雙語家庭的7個月大的嬰兒。當(dāng)他們聽到清脆的聲音時，一個木偶會出現(xiàn)在屏幕的一側(cè)。在研究進(jìn)行到一半時，木偶開始出現(xiàn)在屏幕的另一側(cè)。為了得到獎勵，嬰兒必須調(diào)整他們所學(xué)到的規(guī)則。只有雙語嬰兒能夠成功地學(xué)習(xí)新規(guī)則。這表明，對于年齡非常小的孩子以及年齡更大的人來說，在多語言環(huán)境中成長賦予他們遠(yuǎn)超語言的優(yōu)勢。

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