劍橋雅思13Test3Passage2閱讀原文翻譯 How baby talk gives infant brans a boost

劍橋雅思13Test3Passage2閱讀原文翻譯 How baby talk gives infant brans a boost 具體的內(nèi)容和中國(guó)教育在線平臺(tái)一起來看看吧

劍橋雅思13Test3Passage2閱讀原文翻譯 How baby talk gives infant brans a boost

劍橋雅思13Test3Passage2閱讀原文翻譯 How baby talk gives infant brans a boost 兒語在嬰兒大腦發(fā)育中的作用

劍橋雅思13 Test3 Passage2閱讀原文翻譯

段落A

The typical way of talking to a baby – High-pitched, exaggerated and repetitious – is a source of fascination for linguists who hope to understand how ‘baby talk’ impacts on learning, Most babies start developing their hearing while still in the womb, prompting some hopeful parents to play classical music to their pregnant bellies. Some research even suggests that infants are listening to adult speech as early as 10 weeks before being born, gathering the basic building blocks of their family’s native tongue.

高音調(diào)，夸張和重復(fù)-這種對(duì)嬰兒說話的典型方式對(duì)那些希望理解兒語如何影響學(xué)習(xí)的語言學(xué)家來說充滿了吸引力。大多數(shù)嬰兒還在母親子宮里的時(shí)候就發(fā)育出聽覺。這促使一些滿懷希望的家長(zhǎng)對(duì)著他們懷孕的腹部播放古典音樂。一些研究甚至建議嬰兒在出生前10周就開始聽成人說話，收集獲取其家庭自身語言的基本構(gòu)成要素。

段落B

Early language exposure seems to have benefits to the brain – for instance, studies suggest that babies raised in bilingual homes are better at learning how to mentally prioritize information. So how does the sweet if sometimes absurd sound of infant-directed speech influence a baby’s development? Here are some recent studies that explore the science behind baby talk.

語言的早期接觸似乎對(duì)大腦有好處-例如，研究表明，雙語家庭中長(zhǎng)大的孩子在學(xué)習(xí)如何優(yōu)先處理信息方面表現(xiàn)的更好。所以，甜蜜語言，或者說有時(shí)以嬰兒為導(dǎo)向、毫無意義的話語如何影響嬰兒的發(fā)育呢？以下是最近一些探索兒語背后科學(xué)原理的研究。

段落C

Fathers don’t use baby talk as often or in the same ways as mothers – and that’s perfectly OK, according to a new study. Mark VanDam of Washington State University at Spokane and colleagues equipped parents with recording devices and speech-recognition software to study the way they interacted with their youngsters during a normal day. ‘We found that moms do exactly what you’d expect and what’s been described many times over,’ VanDam explains. ‘But we found that dads aren’t doing the same thing. Dads didn’t raise their pitch or fundamental frequency when they talked to kids.’ Their role may be rooted in what is called the bridge hypothesis, which dates back to 1975. It suggests that fathers use less familial language to provide their children with a bridge to the kind of speech they’ll hear in public. ‘The idea is that a kid gets to practice a certain kind of speech with mom and another kind of speech with dad, so the kid then has a wider repertoire of kinds of speech to practice,’ says VanDam.

父親并不像母親那樣經(jīng)常使用兒語，其方式也有所不同。根據(jù)一項(xiàng)最新的研究，這完全沒問題。斯波坎華盛頓州立大學(xué)的Mark Vandam和其同事為父母佩戴錄音裝置和語音識(shí)別軟件，以研究他們?nèi)粘Ｉ钪信c孩子的互動(dòng)方式?！拔覀儼l(fā)現(xiàn)，母親的做法與你所期待的和之前已經(jīng)描述過很多次的完全一致”，VanDam解釋到?！暗覀儼l(fā)現(xiàn)父親并沒有做相同的事情。當(dāng)對(duì)孩子說話時(shí)，父親沒有提高他們的音調(diào)或基礎(chǔ)頻率”。他們的角色或許根植于所謂的“橋梁假設(shè)”。該理論可以追溯到1975年。它認(rèn)為，父親使用不那么家庭化的語言為他們的孩子提供一座橋梁，方便孩子過渡到他們?cè)诠矆?chǎng)所會(huì)聽到的語言?！霸撚^點(diǎn)認(rèn)為孩子需要與母親練習(xí)一種特定的語言，并且跟父親練習(xí)另外一種語言，以便孩子隨后可以對(duì)更廣泛的說話方式進(jìn)行練習(xí)”，Vandam說。

段落D

Scientists from the University of Washington and the University of Connecticut collected thousands of 30-second conversations between parents and their babies, fitting 26 children with audio-recording vests that captured language and sound during a typical eight-hour day. The study found that the more baby talk parents used, the more their youngsters began to babble. And when researchers saw the same babies at age two, they found that frequent baby talk had dramatically boosted vocabulary, regardless of socioeconomic status. ‘Those children who listened to a lot of baby talk were talking more than the babies that listened to more adult talk or standard speech,’ says Nairán Ramírez-Esparza of the University of Connecticut. ‘We also found that it really matters whether you use baby talk in a one-on-one context,’ she adds. The more parents use baby talk one-on-one, the more babies babble, and the more they babble, the more words they produce later in life.’

華盛頓大學(xué)和康涅狄格大學(xué)的科學(xué)家通過給26個(gè)孩子配備可以在一天8小時(shí)中捕捉語言和聲音的錄音背心，收集了數(shù)千份父母和孩子之間長(zhǎng)度為30秒的對(duì)話。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，父母文章來自老烤鴨雅思使用的兒語越多，他們的孩子咿呀學(xué)語的時(shí)間也會(huì)更多。當(dāng)研究者將目光聚焦到兩歲的兒童身上時(shí)，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)無論社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位如何，頻繁的兒語明顯促進(jìn)了詞匯量的增長(zhǎng)。“相比于那些聽了更多成人談話或者標(biāo)準(zhǔn)話語的孩子來說，那些聽了許多兒語的孩子說話更多”，康涅狄格大學(xué)的Nairan Ramirez-Esparza說到。“我們還發(fā)現(xiàn)，是否在一對(duì)一的情況下使用兒語同樣重要”，她補(bǔ)充到。父母在跟孩子進(jìn)行一對(duì)一交流時(shí)使用的兒語越多，孩子咿呀學(xué)語的也越多。而孩子咿呀學(xué)語的越多，他們?cè)谌蘸蟮纳钪惺褂玫脑~匯也越多”。

段落E

Another study suggests that parents might want to pair their youngsters up so they can babble more with their own kind. Researchers from McGill University and Université du Quebec a Montreal found that babies seem to like listening to each other rather than to adults – which may be why baby talk is such a universal tool among parents. They played repeating vowel sounds made by a special synthesizing device that mimicked sounds made by either an adult woman or another baby. This way, only the impact of the auditory cues was observed. The team then measured how long each type of sound held the infants’ attention. They found that the ‘infant’ sounds held babies’ attention nearly 40 percent longer. The baby noises also induced more reactions in the listening infants, like smiling or lip moving, which approximates sound making. The team theorizes that this attraction to other infant sounds could help launch the learning process that leads to speech. ‘It may be some property of the sound that is just drawing their attention,’ says study co-author Linda Polka. ‘Or maybe they are really interested in that particular type of sound because they are starting to focus on their own ability to make sounds. We are speculating here but it might catch their attention because they recognize it as a sound they could possibly make.’

另外一項(xiàng)研究表明，父母可能想要讓他們的孩子與同伴待在一起，以便他們可以試著說更多自己的語言。麥吉兒大學(xué)和魁北克蒙特利爾大學(xué)的研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)，嬰兒似乎更喜歡傾聽彼此而非成人的話語。這或許解釋了為什么兒語是父母普遍使用的工具。他們播放由一種特殊的合成設(shè)備制作的重復(fù)元音，模仿成年女性或者另一個(gè)嬰兒的聲音。這樣一來，被觀測(cè)的就只有聽覺信號(hào)的影響。團(tuán)隊(duì)隨后測(cè)量每種聲音能夠吸引孩子的注意力多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，嬰兒的聲音可以讓孩子保持關(guān)注的時(shí)間長(zhǎng)出將近40%。嬰兒的聲音也可以引發(fā)正在傾聽的孩子們的更多反應(yīng)，比如微笑或者唇動(dòng)。這都近似于發(fā)聲的動(dòng)作。該團(tuán)隊(duì)推斷這種被其他嬰兒的聲音所吸引的現(xiàn)象能夠幫助開啟通向說話的學(xué)習(xí)過程?！翱赡苁锹曇舻哪撤N特質(zhì)吸引了他們的注意力”，研究的合著者Linda Polka說到。“或者也有可能是它們真的對(duì)特定類型的聲音感興趣，因?yàn)樗麄冮_始關(guān)注自身的發(fā)聲能力。我們?cè)诖酥皇峭茰y(cè)，但這種聲音可以吸引他們的注意力或許是因?yàn)樗麄儗⑺?dāng)作自己也有可能發(fā)出的聲響”。

段落F

In a study published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, a total of 57 babies from two slightly different age groups – seven months and eleven and a half months – were played a number of syllables from both their native language (English) and a non-native tongue (Spanish). The infants were placed in a brain-activation scanner that recorded activity in a brain region known to guide the motor movements that produce speech. The results suggest that listening to baby talk prompts infant brains to start practicing their language skills. ‘Finding activation in motor areas of the brain when infants are simply listening is significant, because it means the baby brain is engaged in trying to talk back right from the start, and suggests that seven-month-olds’ brains are already trying to figure out how to make the right movements that will produce words,’ says co-author Patricia Kuhl. Another interesting finding was that while the seven-month-olds responded to all speech sounds regardless of language, the brains of the older infants worked harder at the motor activations of non-native sounds compared to native sounds. The study may have also uncovered a process by which babies recognize differences between their native language and other tongues.

《美國(guó)科學(xué)院論文集》發(fā)表的一項(xiàng)研究中，研究者給來自兩個(gè)不同年齡組的（7個(gè)月以及11個(gè)半月）57名嬰兒播放一些來自他們母語（英語）和非母語（西班牙語）的音節(jié)。這些嬰兒佩戴了腦部激活掃描儀，記錄引導(dǎo)運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)產(chǎn)生語言的大腦區(qū)域的活動(dòng)。研究結(jié)果表明，聽兒語會(huì)促進(jìn)嬰兒大腦開始練習(xí)他們的語言技能。“當(dāng)嬰兒僅僅在傾聽的時(shí)候，發(fā)現(xiàn)大腦運(yùn)動(dòng)區(qū)域被激活十分重要，因?yàn)檫@意味著嬰兒大腦從一開始就努力嘗試做出回應(yīng)，并表明七個(gè)月大的嬰兒的大腦已經(jīng)在嘗試弄清楚如何做出產(chǎn)生話語的正確動(dòng)作”，合著者Patricia Kuhl說到。另外一項(xiàng)有趣的發(fā)現(xiàn)是，雖然7個(gè)月大的嬰兒會(huì)對(duì)所有聲音做出反應(yīng)，無論其屬于何種語言，但相比于母語來說，年齡較大的嬰兒聽到非母語聲音時(shí)大腦運(yùn)動(dòng)區(qū)域被激活的更加劇烈。該研究或許同樣揭示了嬰兒辨別母語和其他語言差異的過程。

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