Foundationalism托福聽(tīng)力原文翻譯及問(wèn)題答案

Foundationalism托福聽(tīng)力原文翻譯及問(wèn)題答案

一、Foundationalism托福聽(tīng)力原文：

NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in a philosophy class.

MALE PROFESSOR:OK,...so,uh,to continue our discussion...when philosophers talk about the basis of knowledge,they don't mean the source of information about any particular subject—they mean how we know what we know.Let's start with one philosophical view:foundationalism.

Foundationalism is the view that our"knowledge claims"—what we think we know,that is—they need to have a base.Um,think of knowledge as a house.You need a solid foundation on which to build your house,

and if you have a strong foundation,your house is more likely to be solid.Well,foundationalists think the same thing is true of knowledge—if you have a solfid base for your knowledge claims,then your knowledge structure is more likely to be strong...valid...true.

First you need some good foundational knowledge claims,and then the rest of the knowledge claims can be based on these.Now,as to what kinds of knowledge claims are foundational,well,that's where this gets particularly interesting...in that it sorta depends which philosopher you ask.Take John Locke,for instance.

Locke's viewpoint,essentially,was that when humans are born,their minds are like blank slates.That is,we don't have any kind of knowledge when we're born.We get our knowledge from our senses,y'know:taste,touch,smell,sight,hearing.

So when we look at the world,first as babies and then as we grow,that's where our knowledge comes from.Our senses,our experiences serve as the foundation for our knowledge.Now,for a very different view,let's turn to another philosopher,RenéDescartes.

Descartes thought that you have to go much deeper to find the foundations.He believed that our senses are not to be trusted,so he wanted to find a more solid foundation for knowledge.He began with what has come to be called"methodological doubt."And when we say"methodological doubt,"well...Descartes believed that everything should be questioned...that is,approached with doubt.And if you could find one thing that cannot be false,that one thing would serve as a foundation for all other knowledge claims.So,unlike John Locke,Descartes doubts that knowledge comes to him from his senses; he points out that,at some time or another,everyone has been deceived by their senses.We've all had experiences where our senses have been wrong...illusions,uh,perhaps mirages.

When driving in the car on a hot summer day,you may see what looks like shimmering water on the road,which,as science tells us,is really just a mirage...an illusion caused by the heating of the air.Our senses are wrong;they've deceived us.And Descartes thinks that since our senses can deceive us,we ought not take for granted that what they tell us is really true.That's the first step in his methodological doubt.

From there he wonders,"Well,OK,I can doubt my senses,but can I doubt that I'm sitting in this room?"Can it seem that we're not really here, that we're somewhere else? He concedes that most of us would know that we're sitting in a room.But then he says,"Well,couldn't I just be dreaming?"

He's had dreams that were so real that he thought he was awake when in fact he was actually asleep.And this is another good point: It's really hard to be sure that you're not actually dreaming—yet another proof for Descartes that we can't always trust what our senses are apparently telling us.We could be dreaming— and there's really no good way to prove that we're not.

So the commonsense picture of reality—that the world really is the way it looks to us—Descartes shows that we cannot just assume this to be true beyond all doubt,and he does this by talking about illusions.And also by arguing that we could be dreaming.But consider this,he says:While one is thinking,or doubting,or doing any of those sorts of mental activities,one has to exist,right?To even think,"doubt that I exist,"you have to exist.And so what Descartes has done is find at least one thing that he can be certain of.He says,"I exist,"and that's a start.And other knowledge,he tells us,can be based on that foundation.

二、Foundationalism托福聽(tīng)力中文翻譯：

旁白：在哲學(xué)課上聽(tīng)一部分講座。

男教授：好吧，……那么，繼續(xù)我們的討論……當(dāng)哲學(xué)家談?wù)撝R(shí)的基礎(chǔ)時(shí)，他們不是指任何特定學(xué)科的信息來(lái)源，而是指我們?nèi)绾沃牢覀兯赖摹Ｗ屛覀儚囊粋€(gè)哲學(xué)觀(guān)點(diǎn)開(kāi)始：基礎(chǔ)主義。

基礎(chǔ)主義是一種觀(guān)點(diǎn)，即我們的“知識(shí)主張”-我們認(rèn)為我們知道的東西，即它們需要有一個(gè)基礎(chǔ)。嗯，把知識(shí)看作一座房子。你需要一個(gè)堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)來(lái)建造你的房子，

如果你有一個(gè)堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)，你的房子更可能是堅(jiān)固的。好吧，基礎(chǔ)主義者認(rèn)為同樣的事情也適用于知識(shí)。如果你的知識(shí)主張有一個(gè)solfid基礎(chǔ)，那么你的知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)更有可能是強(qiáng)大的……有效的……真實(shí)的。

首先，您需要一些良好的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)聲明，然后其他知識(shí)聲明可以基于這些?，F(xiàn)在，關(guān)于什么樣的知識(shí)主張是基礎(chǔ)性的，好吧，這就是它變得特別有趣的地方…因?yàn)樗谀撤N程度上取決于你問(wèn)哪個(gè)哲學(xué)家。以約翰·洛克為例。

洛克的觀(guān)點(diǎn)本質(zhì)上是，當(dāng)人類(lèi)出生時(shí)，他們的思想就像一塊白板。也就是說(shuō)，我們出生時(shí)沒(méi)有任何知識(shí)。我們的知識(shí)來(lái)自我們的感官，你知道：味覺(jué)、觸覺(jué)、嗅覺(jué)、視覺(jué)和聽(tīng)覺(jué)。

因此，當(dāng)我們看世界時(shí)，首先是嬰兒，然后是長(zhǎng)大成人，這就是我們的知識(shí)來(lái)源。我們的感官和經(jīng)驗(yàn)是我們知識(shí)的基礎(chǔ)?，F(xiàn)在，對(duì)于一個(gè)非常不同的觀(guān)點(diǎn)，讓我們轉(zhuǎn)向另一位哲學(xué)家，勒內(nèi)·笛卡爾。

笛卡爾認(rèn)為，你必須更深入地尋找基礎(chǔ)。他認(rèn)為我們的感官是不可信的，所以他想找到一個(gè)更堅(jiān)實(shí)的知識(shí)基礎(chǔ)。他從所謂的“方法論懷疑”開(kāi)始。當(dāng)我們說(shuō)“方法論的懷疑”時(shí)，笛卡爾認(rèn)為一切都應(yīng)該被質(zhì)疑，也就是說(shuō)，用懷疑來(lái)對(duì)待。如果你能找到一個(gè)不可能是錯(cuò)誤的東西，這一個(gè)東西將成為所有其他知識(shí)主張的基礎(chǔ)。因此，與約翰·洛克不同，笛卡爾懷疑知識(shí)來(lái)自他的感官&nbsp；他指出，在某個(gè)時(shí)候，每個(gè)人都被自己的感覺(jué)所欺騙。我們都有過(guò)感覺(jué)錯(cuò)誤的經(jīng)歷…幻覺(jué)，呃，也許是海市蜃樓。

當(dāng)你在炎熱的夏日開(kāi)車(chē)時(shí)，你可能會(huì)看到路上閃閃發(fā)光的水，正如科學(xué)告訴我們的，這真的只是一個(gè)海市蜃樓……一個(gè)由空氣加熱引起的幻覺(jué)。我們的感覺(jué)是錯(cuò)誤的；他們欺騙了我們。笛卡爾認(rèn)為，既然我們的感官可以欺騙我們，我們不應(yīng)該想當(dāng)然地認(rèn)為它們告訴我們的是真實(shí)的。這是他方法論懷疑的第一步。

從那里他想，“好吧，好吧，我可以懷疑我的感覺(jué)，但我可以懷疑自己坐在這個(gè)房間里嗎？”我們是否真的不在這里；我們?cè)趧e的地方&nbsp；他承認(rèn)，我們大多數(shù)人都知道我們坐在一個(gè)房間里。然后他說(shuō)，“我不能只是在做夢(mèng)嗎？”

他做的夢(mèng)是如此真實(shí)，以至于他以為自己是醒著的，而事實(shí)上他實(shí)際上是睡著了。這是另一個(gè)優(yōu)點(diǎn)：；很難確定你不是真的在做夢(mèng)。笛卡爾的另一個(gè)證明是，我們不能總是相信我們的感官顯然在告訴我們什么。我們可能在做夢(mèng)；沒(méi)有好辦法證明我們不是。

因此，笛卡爾對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)的常識(shí)性描述表明，世界在我們看來(lái)是真實(shí)的，我們不能毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)地假設(shè)這是真的，他通過(guò)談?wù)摶糜X(jué)來(lái)做到這一點(diǎn)。而且還認(rèn)為我們可能在做夢(mèng)。但考慮到這一點(diǎn)，他說(shuō)：當(dāng)一個(gè)人在思考、懷疑或做任何這些精神活動(dòng)時(shí)，他必須存在，對(duì)嗎？要想“懷疑我的存在”，你必須存在。所以笛卡爾所做的是找到至少一件他可以確定的事情。他說(shuō)，“我存在”，這是一個(gè)開(kāi)始。他告訴我們，其他知識(shí)也可以基于這個(gè)基礎(chǔ)。

三、Foundationalism托福聽(tīng)力問(wèn)題：

Q1:1.What is the lecture mainly about?

A.The importance of Locke's view to modern philosophical thought

B.How Descartes'view of knowledge influenced trends of Western philosophy

C.How two philosophers viewed foundational knowledge claims

D.The difference between foundationalism and methodological thought

Q2:2.Why does the professor mention a house?

A.To explain an idea about the organization of human knowledge

B.To illustrate the unreliability of our perception of physical objects

C.To clarify the difference between two points of view about the basis of human knowledge

D.To remind students of a point he made about Descartes in a previous lecture

Q3:3.What did Locke believed to be the most basic type of human knowledge?

A.Knowledge of one's own existence

B.Knowledge acquired through the senses

C.Knowledge humans are born with

D.Knowledge passed down from the previous generations

Q4:4.According to the professor,what was Descartes’purpose for using methodological doubt?

A.To discover what can be considered foundational knowledge claims

B.To challenge the philosophical concept of foundationalism

C.To show that one's existence cannot be proven

D.To demonstrate that Locke's view were essentially correct

Q5:5.For Decartes,what was the significance of dreaming?

A.He believed that his best ideas came to him in dreams.

B.He regarded dreaming as the strongest proof that human exists.

C.Dreaming supports his contention that reality has many aspects.

D.Dreaming illustrates why human experience of reality cannot always be trusted.

Q6:6.According to Descartes,what kind of belief should serve as foundation for all other knowledge claims?

A.A belief that is consistent with what one sees and hears.

B.A belief that most other people share.

C.A belief that one has held since childhood.

D.A belief that can not be false.

四、Foundationalism托福聽(tīng)力答案：

A1:正確答案：C

A2:正確答案：A

A3:正確答案：B

A4:正確答案：A

A5:正確答案：D

A6:正確答案：D

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