劍橋雅思14test3passage2閱讀原文翻譯

劍橋雅思14test3passage2該篇閱讀的主題是通過昆蟲研究新藥物。文章一共9段，大體可以分為四部分，分別介紹了傳統(tǒng)的藥物研究方式，昆蟲所能提供的啟示以及研究昆蟲的價(jià)值等內(nèi)容，下面是具體每一段的翻譯，一起來看看吧。

劍橋雅思14test3passage2閱讀原文翻譯

段落A

More drugs than you might think are derived from,or inspired by,compounds found in living things.Looking to nature for the soothing and curing of our ailments is nothing new–we have been doing it for tens of thousands of years.You only have to look at other primates–such as the capuchin monkeys who rub themselves with toxin-oozing millipedes to deter mosquitoes,or the chimpanzees who use noxious forest plants to rid themselves of intestinal parasites–to realise that our ancient ancestors too probably had a basic grasp of medicine.

提取自生物中的化合物，或者受其啟發(fā)而制成的藥物可能比你想象的要多得多。向自然界尋求緩解或者治療我們疾病的方法并不是什么新鮮事–我們已經(jīng)這樣做了成千上萬年。只用看看其他靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物–比如卷尾猴會(huì)用帶有毒素的千足蟲涂抹自身來驅(qū)走蚊子，而大猩猩則會(huì)使用有毒的森林植物來擺脫腸內(nèi)寄生蟲–你就會(huì)意識(shí)到，我們的祖先或許也掌握了一些藥物的基本知識(shí)。

段落B

Pharmaceutical science and chemistry built on these ancient foundations and perfected the extraction,characterisation,modification and testing of these natural products.Then,for a while,modern pharmaceutical science moved its focus away from nature and into the laboratory,designing chemical compounds from scratch.The main cause of this shift is that although there are plenty of promising chemical compounds in nature,finding them is far from easy.Securing sufficient numbers of the organism in question,isolating and characterising the compounds of interest,and producing large quantities of these compounds are all significant hurdles.

藥物科學(xué)和化學(xué)建立在這些古老基礎(chǔ)之上，并完善對(duì)這些自然產(chǎn)物的提取、鑒定、改良與測(cè)試。然后，有那么一段時(shí)間，現(xiàn)代藥物科學(xué)將關(guān)注點(diǎn)從自然移到了實(shí)驗(yàn)室中，從零開始設(shè)計(jì)化合物。這一轉(zhuǎn)變的原因在于，雖然自然界中有充足的、充滿前景的化合物，但找到它們卻并非易事。收集足夠的相關(guān)生物，分離并鑒定人們感興趣的化合物，最后再大量生產(chǎn)這些化合物，所有過程都存在巨大困難。

段落C

Laboratory-based drug discovery has achieved varying levels of success,something which has now prompted the development of new approaches focusing once again on natural products.With the ability to mine genomes for useful compounds,it is now evident that we have barely scratched the surface of nature’s molecular diversity.This realisation,together with several looming health crises,such as antibiotic resistance,has put bioprospecting–the search for useful compounds in nature–firmly back on the map.

以實(shí)驗(yàn)室為基礎(chǔ)的藥物開發(fā)取得了不同程度的成功，這使得新的研究方法再次聚焦到自然產(chǎn)物上。有了挖掘?qū)嵱没衔锘蚪M的能力，很明顯我們目前才僅僅接觸到自然分子多樣新的表面而已。這一認(rèn)識(shí)，再加上諸如耐藥性等潛在健康危機(jī)的存在，使得生物探索(在自然界中尋找有用的化合物)再次堅(jiān)定地回到人們的視野中。

段落D

Insects are the undisputed masters of the terrestrial domain,where they occupy every possible niche.Consequently,they have a bewildering array of interactions with other organisms,something which has driven the evolution of an enormous range of very interesting compounds for defensive and offensive purposes.Their remarkable diversity exceeds that of every other group of animals on the planet combined.Yet even though insects are far and away the most diverse animals in existence,their potential as sources of therapeutic compounds is yet to be realised.

昆蟲是陸地上毫無爭(zhēng)議的主宰，占據(jù)每一寸可能的地方。因此，它們與其他生物之間存在大量復(fù)雜的互動(dòng)。這促使它們進(jìn)化出許多各種各樣有趣的化合物用于防御或者進(jìn)攻。它們非凡的多樣性超過地球上所有其他動(dòng)物的總和。然而，即便昆蟲是現(xiàn)存最為多樣化的動(dòng)物，它們作為治療性化合物來源的潛力尚未被意識(shí)到。

段落E

From the tiny proportion of insects that have been investigated,several promising compounds have been identified.For example,alloferon,an compound produced by blow fly larvae,is used as an antiviral and antitumor agent in South Korea and Russia.The larvae of a few other insect species are being investigated for the potent antimicrobial compounds they produce.Meanwhile,a compound from the venom of the wasp Polybia paulista has potential in cancer treatment.

從極少部分已經(jīng)被研究的昆蟲中，人們找到幾種很有潛力的化合物。例如，alloferon，一種綠頭蒼蠅幼蟲產(chǎn)生的抗菌劑，在韓國和俄羅斯被當(dāng)作抗病毒劑和抗癌劑使用。其他昆蟲的幼蟲也正在被研究，以尋找它們產(chǎn)生的有效抗菌成分。與此同時(shí)，黃蜂毒液中的化合物Polybia paulista在癌癥治療方面也有潛在的效用。

段落F

Why is it that insects have received relatively little attention in bioprospecting?Firstly,there are so many insects that,without some manner of targeted approach,investigating this huge variety of species is a daunting task.Secondly,insects are generally very small,and the glands inside them that secrete potentially useful compounds are smaller still.This can make it difficult to obtain sufficient quantities of the compound for subsequent testing.Thirdly,although we consider insects to be everywhere,the reality of this ubiquity is vast numbers of a few extremely common species.Many insect species are infrequently encountered and very difficult to rear in captivity,which,again,can leave us with insufficient material to work with.

為什么昆蟲在生物探索中很少受到關(guān)注呢?首先，昆蟲種類太多，在沒有目標(biāo)方法的情況下，研究如此多樣的物種是一項(xiàng)很容易讓人氣餒的任務(wù)。其次，昆蟲的體型普遍偏小，它們體內(nèi)分泌潛在有用化合物的腺體更小。這使得獲取足夠的化合物以用于后續(xù)測(cè)試十分困難。第三，雖然我們認(rèn)為昆蟲到處都是，但現(xiàn)實(shí)情況是一些非常常見的物種數(shù)量巨大。許多昆蟲很少遇到，并且很難在圈禁的情況下培養(yǎng)。這再一次使得我們沒有充足的材料進(jìn)行研究。

段落G

My colleagues and I at Aberystwyth University in the UK have developed an approach in which we use our knowledge of ecology as a guide to target our efforts.The creatures that particularly interest us are the many insects that secrete powerful poison for subduing prey and keeping it fresh for future consumption.There are even more insects that are masters of exploiting filthy habitats,such as faeces and carcasses,where they are regularly challenged by thousands of microorganisms.These insects have many antimicrobial compounds for dealing with pathogenic bacteria and fungi,suggesting that there is certainly potential to find many compounds that can serve as or inspire new antibiotics.

我和英國阿伯里斯特威斯大學(xué)的同事研究出一種方法，利用我們生態(tài)學(xué)的知識(shí)指導(dǎo)工作。讓我們尤其感興趣的生物是一些昆蟲。它們分泌強(qiáng)力的毒藥來捕殺獵物，并使其保持新鮮以供未來食用。甚至還有更多的昆蟲擅長(zhǎng)利用骯臟的棲息地，比如糞便和尸體。在這些地方，它們經(jīng)常受到上千種微生物的威脅。這些昆蟲具備許多應(yīng)對(duì)致病細(xì)菌和真菌的化合物。這意味著我們一定有可能找到許多化合物作為新的抗生素使用，或者啟發(fā)我們開發(fā)新的抗生素。

段落H

Although natural history knowledge points us in the right direction,it doesn’t solve the problems associated with obtaining useful compounds from insects.Fortunately,it is now possible to snip out the stretches of the insect’s DNA that carry the codes for the interesting compounds and insert them into cell lines that allow larger quantities to be produced.And although the road from isolating and characterising compounds with desirable qualities to developing a commercial product is very long and full of pitfalls,the variety of successful animal-derived pharmaceuticals on the market demonstrates there is a precedent here that is worth exploring.

雖然自然歷史知識(shí)為我們指出正確的方向，但它并沒有解決從昆蟲中獲取有用化合物的相關(guān)問題。幸運(yùn)的是，我們?nèi)缃窨梢圆眉衾ハx基因中攜帶我們關(guān)注的化合物的編碼片段，將它們植入到細(xì)胞系中，從而使大量生產(chǎn)成為可能。雖然從分離鑒定帶有可取性質(zhì)的化合物到開發(fā)出商業(yè)產(chǎn)品仍然有很長(zhǎng)的路要走，并且途中充滿困難，但市場(chǎng)上多種成功的動(dòng)物提取藥物證明，這方面已有先例值得探索。

段落I

With every bit of wilderness that disappears,we deprive ourselves of potential medicines.As much as I’d love to help develop a groundbreaking insect-derived medicine,my main motivation for looking at insects in this way is conservation.I sincerely believe that all species,however small and seemingly insignificant,have a right to exist for their own sake.If we can shine a light on the darker recesses of nature’s medicine cabinet,exploring the useful chemistry of the most diverse animals on the planet,I believe we can make people think differently about the value of nature.

每一片荒野的消失都使得我們失去許多潛在的藥品。盡管我十分想要幫助開發(fā)一種突破性的昆蟲提取藥品，但我以這種方式研究昆蟲的主要?jiǎng)恿κ菫榱吮Ｗo(hù)它們。我真心相信，所有物種，無論多么微小，看起來多么微不足道，都有生存的權(quán)利。如果我們照亮自然藥櫥更為黑暗的深處，探索地球上最為多樣的動(dòng)物體內(nèi)有用的化學(xué)物質(zhì)，我相信我們能夠改變?nèi)藗冴P(guān)于自然價(jià)值的看法。

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