Whether Animals have a Theory of Mind托福聽力原文翻譯及問題答案

Whether Animals have a Theory of Mind托福聽力原文翻譯及問題答案，今天中國(guó)教育在線就來為大家分析這個(gè)問題。

一、Whether Animals have a Theory of Mind托福聽力原文：

Professor:So we talked last time about theory of mind.Can someone summarize what that refers to?Janice?

Student:It has to do with an ability to,well,isn't it like realizing that people can have different beliefs,that we don't all necessarily believe the same things?

Professor:Right.The term theory of mind refers to a cognitive ability which is the ability to,it's recognizing that other people have knowledge,ideas,beliefs that may be different from our own.

So,we say that people have a theory of mind,because we recognize that other people may have different beliefs than we do.It may sound trivial but newborn infants don't seem to have it.It seems to develop in children somewhere between the ages of three and five.A consequence of having a theory of mind is that we recognize other people's motivations and can sometimes predict what they'll do in certain situations.But the question for us,is whether animals have a theory of mind.

Researchers who deal with primates like monkeys tend to accept the likelihood that monkeys have a theory of mind,particularly because they are social animals and live in groups,so they'd certainly benefit from the ability to understand motivations,to predict the behavior of other monkeys.So,for example..

Student:That's..

Professor:Excuse me?

Student:Sorry,but that's assuming it makes sense to say that animals have beliefs.

Professor:Right,of course.Yeah,we are assuming that.We're inferring beliefs from behavior.They act one way for a reason,not just from instinct,but because they have certain knowledge and have reasoned that a particular course of action would be beneficial.

One type of evidence that humans have a theory of mind is behavior like deception because intending to deceive someone requires knowing that they could have different beliefs than you do.

Well,researchers who were observing a group of vervet monkeys in west Africa discovered just this type of behavior in vervets.Now,vervets live in social groups.And occasionally a new member will try to join an established group.Well,the researchers noticed that every time a new male would try to join the group,one particular low-ranking male member of the group habitually made a false alarm call that a leopard was approaching the group.When the low-ranking monkey did this all the group members and the new comer would immediately retreat into the trees to safety.

Obviously,being a low-ranked male,our friend has little interest in seeing a new male member,who will,would almost certainly outrank him join the group.And this tactic did stop that from happening.

Student:So the idea is that the monkey knew there was no leopard but believed that the other monkeys would think there was a leopard,realized that the others would have a different belief than he had?

Professor:Right.We inferred the monkey had a belief from its behavior.The researchers interpreted the vervet's behavior to mean that it had an understanding of other vervets'mind and how they react.However,this monkey's behavior after issuing the false alarm call makes this interpretation somewhat less likely.

After the alarm call,when all of the other monkeys have climbed up into the trees,our friend then came down from his own tree,crossed over to the tree of the intruder,the one who wanted to join the group,and issued the false alarm call again,perhaps to make sure the intruder really got the message.

The problem is,if he really did have a theory of mind,he would have realized that climbing down from his tree would show the others that he was aware there was no leopard around.So maybe the alarm call doesn't show that this particular monkey had a theory of mind.

Maybe he simply learned to associate his false alarm call with the action of monkeys retreating into the trees.Maybe he had learned to provoke a reaction without really understanding what motivated the other monkeys'behavior.

Student:So how do we know which interpretation is right?

Professor:Good question.That's often an issue with observational studies.They produce evidence that's,well,like in this case,people who start out believing that animals have a theory of mind can always pick observations that best support their case.But those who doubt it can always find an alternative interpretation for what was observed.So is there some other methodology,lab experimentation for example,that's more objective?That would produce more objective evidence about this?

二、Whether Animals have a Theory of Mind托福聽力中文翻譯：

教授：上次我們討論了心理理論。有人能總結(jié)一下它指的是什么嗎？珍妮絲？

學(xué)生：這與一種能力有關(guān)，嗯，這不就像認(rèn)識(shí)到人們可以有不同的信仰，我們不一定都相信相同的東西嗎？

教授：對(duì)?！靶闹抢碚摗币辉~指的是一種認(rèn)知能力，即認(rèn)識(shí)到他人擁有與我們不同的知識(shí)、想法和信念的能力。

所以，我們說人們有一種心理理論，因?yàn)槲覀冋J(rèn)識(shí)到其他人可能有不同于我們的信仰。這聽起來可能微不足道，但新生兒似乎沒有。它似乎在三到五歲的兒童中發(fā)展。擁有心理理論的一個(gè)結(jié)果是，我們認(rèn)識(shí)到其他人的動(dòng)機(jī)，有時(shí)可以預(yù)測(cè)他們?cè)谀承┣闆r下會(huì)做什么。但對(duì)我們來說，問題是動(dòng)物是否有心理理論。

研究靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物如猴子的研究人員傾向于接受猴子有心理理論的可能性，特別是因?yàn)樗鼈兪侨壕觿?dòng)物，所以它們肯定會(huì)受益于理解動(dòng)機(jī)、預(yù)測(cè)其他猴子行為的能力。例如。。

學(xué)生：那是。。

教授：打擾一下？

學(xué)生：對(duì)不起，但這是假設(shè)說動(dòng)物有信仰是有道理的。

教授：對(duì)，當(dāng)然。是的，我們是這樣假設(shè)的。我們從行為中推斷信念。他們以一種方式行動(dòng)是有原因的，不僅僅是出于本能，而是因?yàn)樗麄冇幸欢ǖ闹R(shí)，并且認(rèn)為特定的行動(dòng)方案是有益的。

人類有心理理論的一種證據(jù)是類似欺騙的行為，因?yàn)橄胍垓_某人需要知道他們可能有不同于你的信仰。

研究人員在西非觀察了一群狐猴，發(fā)現(xiàn)了狐猴的這種行為?，F(xiàn)在，維維特人生活在社會(huì)群體中。偶爾一個(gè)新成員會(huì)嘗試加入一個(gè)已建立的團(tuán)體。研究人員注意到，每當(dāng)一只新的雄性動(dòng)物試圖加入這個(gè)群體時(shí)，這個(gè)群體中的一個(gè)級(jí)別較低的雄性成員就會(huì)習(xí)慣性地發(fā)出一個(gè)假警報(bào)，說有一只豹子正在接近這個(gè)群體。當(dāng)?shù)图?jí)別的猴子這樣做時(shí)，所有的小組成員和新來的人都會(huì)立即撤退到樹上安全。

顯然，作為一個(gè)低級(jí)別的男性，我們的朋友對(duì)看到一個(gè)新的男性成員沒有興趣，他幾乎肯定會(huì)超過他加入這個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)。這種策略確實(shí)阻止了這種情況的發(fā)生。

學(xué)生：所以這個(gè)想法是猴子知道沒有豹子，但相信其他猴子會(huì)認(rèn)為有豹子，意識(shí)到其他猴子會(huì)有與他不同的信仰？

教授：對(duì)。我們從猴子的行為推斷出它有信仰。研究人員解釋說，維維特的行為意味著它了解了其他維維特人的思想以及他們的反應(yīng)。然而，這只猴子在發(fā)出假警報(bào)后的行為使得這種解釋不太可能。

警報(bào)響起后，當(dāng)所有其他猴子都爬到樹上時(shí)，我們的朋友從自己的樹上下來，走到入侵者的樹上，也就是想加入團(tuán)隊(duì)的那棵樹上，再次發(fā)出假警報(bào)，也許是為了確保入侵者真的收到了信息。

問題是，如果他真的有思想理論，他會(huì)意識(shí)到從樹上爬下來會(huì)讓其他人知道他知道周圍沒有豹子。所以，也許警報(bào)并沒有顯示這只猴子有一種思維理論。

也許他只是學(xué)會(huì)了把他的假警報(bào)聲和猴子躲到樹里的動(dòng)作聯(lián)系起來。也許他已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了在沒有真正理解其他猴子行為動(dòng)機(jī)的情況下引發(fā)反應(yīng)。

學(xué)生：那么我們?cè)趺粗滥姆N解釋是正確的呢？

教授：好問題。這通常是觀察性研究的一個(gè)問題。他們提供的證據(jù)表明，就像在這個(gè)案例中，那些一開始相信動(dòng)物有思維理論的人總是可以選擇最能支持他們觀點(diǎn)的觀察結(jié)果。但那些對(duì)此持懷疑態(tài)度的人總能找到另一種解釋。那么有沒有其他更客觀的方法，比如實(shí)驗(yàn)室實(shí)驗(yàn)？這會(huì)產(chǎn)生更客觀的證據(jù)嗎？

三、Whether Animals have a Theory of Mind托福聽力問題：

Q1:What is the lecture mainly about?

A.Whether an animal’s ability to understand alarm calls should be considered a cognitive ability

B.Different ways of defining the term“theory of mind”

C.Whether animals possess a particular cognitive ability exhibited by humans

D.The relative effectiveness of different methods of detecting a theory of mind in animals

Q2:According to the professor,what type of behavior in animals suggests they have a theory of mind?

A.Acting in a misleading way

B.Running in response to an alarm call

C.Acting in ways that are inconsistent

D.Displaying aggression toward intruders

Q3:What did researchers think the real purpose was for the low-ranking vervet’s alarm call?

A.To scare off a possible predator

B.To raise its social standing in the group

C.To announce the presence of a predator

D.To prevent a new member from joining the group

Q4:What behavior of a vervet monkey suggested that it might NOT have a theory of mind?

A.It issued an alarm call.

B.It reacted to another monkey’s alarm call.

C.It repeated an alarm call.

D.It climbed down from a tree after an alarm call.

Q5:What does the professor imply about observational studies of animals?

A.They are typically more objective than other methodologies.

B.They often provide evidence that can support different interpretations.

C.They are easier to conduct than experimental tests.

D.They require independent researchers to verify the original observations.

Q6:Based on the discussion,what cognitive ability might children over the age of five have that vervet monkeys might not have?

A.The ability to recognize that other individuals might have different beliefs

B.The ability to recognize behavior that is a response to fear

C.The ability to understand multiple meanings of an alarm call

D.The ability to understand social relationships

四、Whether Animals have a Theory of Mind托福聽力答案：

A1:正確答案：C

A2:正確答案：A

A3:正確答案：D

A4:正確答案：D

A5:正確答案：B

A6:正確答案：A

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