劍橋雅思5 Test 2閱讀Passage 1原文翻譯Bakelite-the birth of modern plastics

劍橋雅思5 Test 2閱讀Passage 1原文翻譯Bakelite-the birth of modern plastics，今天中國(guó)教育在線就來(lái)為大家分析這個(gè)問(wèn)題。

Bakelite-the birth of modern plastics

現(xiàn)代塑料的誕生

劍橋雅思5 Test 2 Passage 1閱讀原文翻譯

第1自然段

In 1907,Leo Hendrick Baekeland,a Belgian scientist working in New York,discovered and patented a revolutionary new synthetic material.His invention,which he named‘Bakelite’,was of enormous technological importance,and effectively launched the modern plastics industry.

1907年，在紐約工作的比利時(shí)科學(xué)家Leo Hendrick Baekeland發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種革命性的新型合成材料并申請(qǐng)了專利。他的發(fā)明被稱為“Bakelite”，具有巨大的技術(shù)重要性，并有效地推動(dòng)了現(xiàn)代塑料工業(yè)的發(fā)展。

第2自然段

The term‘plastic’comes from the Greek plassein,meaning‘to mould’.Some plastics are derived from natural sources,some are semi-synthetic(the result of chemical action on a natural substance),and some are entirely synthetic,that is,chemically engineered from the constituents of coal or oil.Some are‘thermoplastic’,which means that,like candlewax,they melt when heated and can then be reshaped.Others are‘thermosetting’:like eggs,they cannot revert to their original viscous state,and their shape is thus fixed for ever.Bakelite had the distinction of being the first totally synthetic thermosetting plastic.

“塑料”一詞來(lái)自希臘語(yǔ)“plassein”，意思是“塑造”。有些塑料是從自然資源中提取的，有些是半合成的（對(duì)天然物質(zhì)進(jìn)行化學(xué)作用的結(jié)果），有些是完全合成的，即是用煤或石油的成分進(jìn)行化學(xué)工程處理。有些是“熱塑性的”，這意味著像燭蠟一樣，它們文章來(lái)自 在加熱時(shí)會(huì)融化，然后可以重塑。其他的則是“熱固性”的：像雞蛋一樣，它們無(wú)法回復(fù)到其原始的粘性狀態(tài)，因此其形狀永遠(yuǎn)固定。Bakelite是第一種完全合成的熱固性塑料。

第3自然段

The history of today’s plastics begins with the discovery of a series of semi-synthetic thermoplastic materials in the mid-nineteenth century.The impetus behind the development of these early plastics was generated by a number of factors–immense technological progress in the domain of chemistry,coupled with wider cultural changes,and the pragmatic need to find acceptable substitutes for dwindling supplies of‘luxury’materials such as tortoiseshell and ivory.

當(dāng)今塑料的歷史始于19世紀(jì)中葉發(fā)現(xiàn)的一系列半合成熱塑性材料。這些早期塑料發(fā)展的動(dòng)力來(lái)自多種因素-化學(xué)領(lǐng)域的巨大技術(shù)進(jìn)步，再加上廣泛的文化變革，以及迫切需要尋找可接受的替代品來(lái)減少“豪華”材料的供應(yīng)，例如龜殼和象牙。

第4自然段

Baekeland’s interest in plastics began in 1885 when,as a young chemistry student in Belgium,he embarked on research into phenolic resins,the group of sticky substances produced when phenol(carbolic acid)combines with an aldehyde(a volatile fluid similar to alcohol).He soon abandoned the subject,however,only returning to it some years later.By 1905 he was a wealthy New Yorker,having recently made his fortune with the invention of a new photographic paper.While Baekeland had been busily amassing dollars,some advances had been made in the development of plastics.The years 1899 and 1900 had seen the patenting of the first semi-synthetic thermosetting material that could be manufactured on an industrial scale.In purely scientific terms,Baekeland’s major contribution to the field is not so much the actual discovery of the material to which he gave his name,but rather the method by which a reaction between phenol and formaldehyde could be controlled,thus making possible its preparation on a commercial basis.On 13 July 1907,Baekeland took out his famous patent describing this preparation,the essential features of which are still in use today.

貝克蘭（Baekeland）對(duì)塑料的興趣始于1885年，當(dāng)時(shí)，作為一名年輕的比利時(shí)化學(xué)專業(yè)學(xué)生，他著手研究酚醛樹(shù)脂，即酚（碳酸）與醛（類似于酒精的揮發(fā)性流體）結(jié)合后產(chǎn)生的一組粘性物質(zhì)。但是，他很快放棄了這個(gè)課題，直到幾年后才重新回歸。到1905年，他已經(jīng)是一名富有的紐約人，剛剛通過(guò)發(fā)明一種新的相紙而發(fā)了大財(cái)。當(dāng)貝克蘭（Baekeland）忙于積累美元時(shí)，在塑料的開(kāi)發(fā)方面取得了一些進(jìn)步。1899年和1900年見(jiàn)證了第一批可以在工業(yè)規(guī)模上生產(chǎn)的半合成熱固性材料的專利的出現(xiàn)。用純粹的科學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ)來(lái)說(shuō)，Baekeland在該領(lǐng)域的主要貢獻(xiàn)并不僅僅是發(fā)現(xiàn)了用他名字命名的材料，而是發(fā)現(xiàn)了可以控制苯酚和甲醛之間反應(yīng)的方法，從而使它在商業(yè)基礎(chǔ)上的制備成為可能。1907年7月13日，貝克蘭（Baekeland）取得了描述之一制備過(guò)程的專利，其基本功能至今仍在使用。

第5自然段

The original patent outlined a three-stage process,in which phenol and formaldehyde(from wood or coal)were initially combined under vacuum inside a large egg-shaped kettle.The result was a resin known as Novalak,which became soluble and malleable when heated.The resin was allowed to cool in shallow trays until it hardened,and then broken up and ground into powder.Other substances were then introduced:including fillers,such as woodflour,asbestos or cotton,which increase strength and moisture resistance,catalysts(substances to speed up the reaction between two chemicals without joining to either)and hexa,a compound of ammonia and formaldehyde which supplied the additional formaldehyde necessary to form a thermosetting resin.This resin was then left to cool and harden,and ground up a second time.The resulting granular powder was raw Bakelite,ready to be made into a vast range of manufactured objects.In the last stage,the heated Bakelite was poured into a hollow mould of the required shape and subjected to extreme heat and pressure,thereby‘setting’its form for life.

原始專利概述了一個(gè)三階段的過(guò)程，其中苯酚和甲醛（來(lái)自木材或煤炭）最初在真空下在一個(gè)蛋形大鍋中混合，產(chǎn)生一種名為Novalak的樹(shù)脂。它加熱后可溶解并具有延展性。樹(shù)脂在淺盤(pán)中冷卻直至硬化，再將其敲碎并磨成粉末。然后引入了其他物質(zhì)：包括填充劑，例如木粉，石棉或棉花。它們可提高強(qiáng)度和防潮性；催化劑（可加速兩種化學(xué)物質(zhì)之間的反應(yīng)而又不與其中任何一種反應(yīng)的物質(zhì)）；氨和甲醛的化合物，提供了形成熱固性樹(shù)脂所需的額外甲醛。然后讓該樹(shù)脂冷卻、硬化，并再次研磨。所得的顆粒狀粉末就是未加工的Bakelite，可以制成各種制品。在最后階段，將加熱的Bakelite倒入所需形狀的中空模具中，使其承受極高的熱量和壓力，從而固定其終生的形狀。

第6自然段

The design of Bakelite objects,everything from earrings to television sets,was governed to a large extent by the technical requirements of the moulding process.The object could not be designed so that it was locked into the mould and therefore difficult to extract.A common general rule was that objects should taper towards the deepest part of the mould,and if necessary the product was moulded in separate pieces.Moulds had to be carefully designed so that the molten Bakelite would flow evenly and completely into the mould.Sharp corners proved impractical and were thus avoided,giving rise to the smooth,‘streamlined’style popular in the 1930s.The thickness of the walls of the mould was also crucial:thick walls took longer to cool and harden,a factor which had to be considered by the designer in order to make the most efficient use of machines.

從耳環(huán)到電視機(jī)，所有Bakelite物件的設(shè)計(jì)在很大程度上受制于成型工藝的技術(shù)要求。設(shè)計(jì)要避免物品在塑形過(guò)程中卡在模具里取不出來(lái)。一個(gè)普遍的通用規(guī)則是，物體應(yīng)該隨著模具的加深而逐漸變細(xì)。如有必要，產(chǎn)品應(yīng)該被塑造成獨(dú)立的零件。模具必須經(jīng)過(guò)精心設(shè)計(jì)，以使融化的Bakelite可以均勻、完全地流入模具中。尖角被證明是不切實(shí)際的，因此應(yīng)該避免。這也造成20世紀(jì)30年代光滑、流線型風(fēng)格的流行。模具壁的厚度也很關(guān)鍵：厚壁需要更長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間冷卻和硬化，這是設(shè)計(jì)師為了充分利用機(jī)器而必須考慮的一個(gè)因素。

第7自然段

Baekeland’s invention,although treated with disdain in its early years,went on to enjoy an unparalleled popularity which lasted throughout the first half of the twentieth century.It became the wonder product of the new world of industrial expansion–‘the material of a thousand uses’.Being both non-porous and heat-resistant,Bakelite kitchen goods were promoted as being germ-free and sterilisable.Electrical manufacturers seized on its insulating properties,and consumers everywhere relished its dazzling array of shades,delighted that they were now,at last,no longer restricted to the wood tones and drab browns of the pre-plastic era.It then fell from favour again during the 1950s,and was despised and destroyed in vast quantities.Recently,however,it has been experiencing something of a renaissance,with renewed demand for original Bakelite objects in the collectors’marketplace,and museums,societies and dedicated individuals once again appreciating the style and originality of this innovative material.

貝克蘭（Baekeland）的發(fā)明雖然在初期被輕視，但在后來(lái)卻享受到無(wú)與倫比的歡迎。它在整個(gè)20世紀(jì)上半葉一直如此，成為工業(yè)擴(kuò)張時(shí)期的奇跡產(chǎn)品-“千種用途的材料”。Bakelite廚具既無(wú)孔又耐熱，因此被認(rèn)為是無(wú)菌且可滅菌的。電氣制造商抓住了它的絕緣性能，世界各處的消費(fèi)者都喜歡它令人炫目的顏色。他們高興的是，現(xiàn)在終于不再局限于“前塑料時(shí)代”的木色調(diào)和棕褐色。然后，它在20世紀(jì)50年代再次失寵，被鄙視和大量銷毀。然而，最近它正在經(jīng)歷復(fù)興，收藏市場(chǎng)對(duì)原始Bakelite物件的需求不斷增長(zhǎng)。博物館，社會(huì)和熱衷于此的個(gè)人又開(kāi)始重新欣賞這種創(chuàng)新材料的風(fēng)格和獨(dú)創(chuàng)性。

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