劍橋雅思16Test4Passage1閱讀原文翻譯Roman tunnels

劍橋雅思16 Test4 Passage1閱讀原文翻譯

引言

The Romans,who once controlled areas of Europe,North Africa and Asia Minor,adopted the construction techniques of other civilizations to build tunnels in their territories.

曾經(jīng)控制歐洲、北非和小亞細(xì)亞的羅馬人，使用其他文明的建筑技巧來在他們自己的領(lǐng)土上修建隧道。

第1段

The Persians,who lived in present-day Iran,were one of the first civilizations to build tunnels that provided a reliable supply of water to human settlements in dry areas.In the early first millennium BCE,they introduced the qanat method of tunnel construction,which consisted of placing posts over a hill in a straight line,to ensure that the tunnel kept to its route,and then digging vertical shafts down into the ground at regular intervals.Underground,workers removed the earth from between the ends of the shafts,creating a tunnel.The excavated soil was taken up to the surface using the shafts,which also provided ventilation during the work.Once the tunnel was completed,it allowed water to flow from the top of a hillside down towards a canal,which supplied water for human use.Remarkably,some qanats built by the Persians 2,700 years ago are still in use today.

生活在今天伊朗地區(qū)的波斯人是最早修建隧道從而為干燥地區(qū)的聚居點(diǎn)提供可靠水源的文明之一。早在公元前一千年，他們就采用暗渠法修建隧道。這包括在山上按照直線打樁，確保隧道沿其路線行進(jìn)，然后以規(guī)律的間隔在地面上打出豎井。地下，工人將豎井末端之間的土壤挖出形成隧道。挖出的土壤通過豎井運(yùn)送到地面。這些豎井也在工程期間提供通風(fēng)。一旦隧道完成，水就可以從山頂流向水渠，供人類使用。令人驚訝的是，一些波斯人在2700年前修建的暗渠如今仍在使用。

第2段

They later passed on their knowledge to the Romans,who also used the qanat method to construct water-supply tunnels for agriculture.Roman qanat tunnels were constructed with vertical shafts dug at intervals of between 30 and 60 meters.The shafts were equipped with handholds and footholds to help those climbing in and out of them and were covered with a wooden or stone lid.To ensure that the shafts were vertical,Romans hung a plumb line from a rod placed across the top of each shaft and made sure that the weight at the end of it hung in the center of the shaft.Plumb lines were also used to measure the depth of the shaft and to determine the slope of the tunnel.The 5.6-kilometer-long Claudius tunnel,built in 41 CE to drain the Fucine Lake in central Italy,had shafts that were up to 122 meters deep,took 11 years to build and involved approximately 30,000 workers.

他們隨后將這些知識(shí)傳給羅馬人。羅馬人使用這一暗渠法為農(nóng)業(yè)修建供水隧道。羅馬人暗渠隧道的豎井彼此之間間隔30到60米。豎井配備有扶手和腳蹬以幫助攀爬進(jìn)出的人們，并且蓋有木制或者石制的蓋子。為了確保豎井垂直，羅馬人將鉛錘線掛在橫跨豎井頂部的木棒上，確保尾端重物位于豎井中心。鉛垂線也被用來測(cè)量豎井的深度，決定隧道的坡度。長(zhǎng)達(dá)5.6千米的克勞狄隧道修建于公元41年，以便從意大利中部的Fucine湖抽水。其豎井深達(dá)122米，大約30000名工人用了11年的時(shí)間才完成。

第3段

By the 6th century BCE,a second method of tunnel construction appeared called the counter-excavation method,in which the tunnel was constructed from both ends.It was used to cut through high mountains when the qanat method was not a practical alternative.This method required greater planning and advanced knowledge of surveying,mathematics and geometry as both ends of a tunnel had to meet correctly at the center of the mountain.Adjustments to the direction of the tunnel also had to be made whenever builders encountered geological problems or when it deviated from its set path.They constantly checked the tunnel’s advancing direction,for example,by looking back at the light that penetrated through the tunnel mouth,and made corrections whenever necessary.Large deviations could happen,and they could result in one end of the tunnel not being usable.An inscription written on the side of a 428-meter tunnel,built by the Romans as part of the Saldae aqueduct system in modern-day Algeria,describes how the two teams of builders missed each other in the mountain and how the later construction of a lateral link between both corridors corrected the initial error.

公元前六世紀(jì)出現(xiàn)了第二種修建隧道的方法（反向挖掘法）。這種方法中，隧道從兩端同時(shí)修建。它被用于穿越無法使用暗渠法的高山。這種方法需要更好的規(guī)劃，以及測(cè)繪、數(shù)學(xué)和幾何方面的高深知識(shí)，因?yàn)樗淼纼啥吮仨氃谏降闹醒霚?zhǔn)確相遇。當(dāng)建筑工人遇到地質(zhì)問題，或者當(dāng)它偏離設(shè)定路線時(shí)，就必須對(duì)隧道的方向進(jìn)行調(diào)整。他們經(jīng)常通過觀察隧道口射進(jìn)來的光線來檢查隧道前進(jìn)的方向，并在必要的時(shí)候做出調(diào)整。大幅偏離可能發(fā)生，導(dǎo)致隧道一端變得不可用。一條長(zhǎng)達(dá)428米的隧道側(cè)面的銘刻描述了兩隊(duì)建筑工人如何在山中錯(cuò)過彼此，以及如何在兩條通道之間修建橫向連接以糾正最初的錯(cuò)誤。

第4段

The Romans dug tunnels for their roads using the counter-excavation method,whenever they encountered obstacles such as hills or mountains that were too high for roads to pass over.An example is the 37-meter-long,6-meter-high,Furlo Pass Tunnel built in Italy in 69-79 CE.Remarkably,a modern road still uses this tunnel today.Tunnels were also built for mineral extraction.Miners would locate a mineral vein and then pursue it with shafts and tunnels underground.Traces of such tunnels used to mine gold can still be found at the Dolaucothi mines in Wales.When the sole purpose of a tunnel was mineral extraction,construction required less planning,as the tunnel route was determined by the mineral vein.

當(dāng)羅馬人遇到障礙，如道路無法跨越的過高山峰時(shí)，他們就會(huì)使用反向挖掘法為道路挖掘隧道。一個(gè)例子是修建于公元69年到公元79年，位于意大利的Furlo Pass隧道。它長(zhǎng)37米，高6米。令人驚訝的是，一條現(xiàn)代公路今天仍然在使用該隧道。隧道也被用于挖礦。礦工會(huì)定位礦脈，然后利用豎井和地下隧道追尋它。如今，我們?cè)谕柺緿olaucothi礦區(qū)仍然可以看到一些用于挖掘金礦的隧道的痕跡。當(dāng)隧道只用于挖礦時(shí)，其建造所需要的規(guī)劃就少了許多，因?yàn)樗淼缆肪€由礦脈決定。

第5段

Roman tunnel projects were carefully planned and carried out.The length of time it took to construct a tunnel depended on the method being used and the type of rock being excavated.The qanat construction method was usually faster than the counter-excavation method as it was more straightforward.This was because the mountain could be excavated not only from the tunnel mouths but also from shafts.The type of rock could also influence construction times.When the rock was hard,the Romans employed a technique called fire quenching which consisted of healing the rock with fire,and then suddenly cooling it with cold water so that it would crack.Progress through hard rock could be very slow,and it was not uncommon for tunnels to take years,if not decades,to be built.Construction marks left on a Roman tunnel in Bologna show that the rate of advance through solid rock was 30 centimeters per day.In contrast,the rate of advance of the Claudius tunnel can be calculated at 1.4 meters per day.Most tunnels had inscriptions showing the names of patrons who ordered construction and sometimes the name of the architect.For example,the 1.4-kilometer Cevlik tunnel in Turkey,built to divert the floodwater threatening the harbor of the ancient city of Seleuceia Pieria,had inscriptions on the entrance,still visible today,that also indicate that the tunnel was started in 69 CE and was completed in 81 CE.

羅馬隧道項(xiàng)目規(guī)劃認(rèn)真，施工仔細(xì)。修建一條隧道的時(shí)間長(zhǎng)短取決于其所使用的方法，以及挖掘的巖石類型。暗渠法因?yàn)楦又苯?，要比反向挖掘法更快一點(diǎn)。這是因?yàn)樯矫}不僅可以從隧道口挖掘，而且也可以通過豎井。巖石類型也會(huì)影響建造時(shí)間。當(dāng)巖石堅(jiān)硬時(shí)，羅馬人會(huì)使用一種叫作fire quenching的方法。他們先用火加熱石頭，然后突然用涼水將它冷卻，從而造成裂縫。穿越堅(jiān)硬巖石的進(jìn)展會(huì)非常緩慢。用數(shù)年，甚至數(shù)十年的時(shí)間修建隧道并不少見。博洛尼亞一條羅馬隧道內(nèi)留下的建筑痕跡顯示，它在堅(jiān)硬巖石中前進(jìn)的速度為每天30厘米。相比之下，計(jì)算出來的克勞狄隧道的前進(jìn)速度為每天1.4米。大多數(shù)隧道都有銘刻，顯示命令修建隧道的贊助人的名字，有時(shí)候也會(huì)有建筑師的名字。例如，土耳其境內(nèi)，為了分流威脅到Seleuceia Pieria古城港口的洪水而修建的，長(zhǎng)達(dá)1.4千米的Cevlik隧道，在入口處就有如今仍然可見的銘刻。它同時(shí)也表明該隧道的修建開始于公元69年，完成于公元81年。

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