Defense of Animal托福聽力原文翻譯及問題答案

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Defense of Animal托福聽力原文翻譯及問題答案

一、Defense of Animal托福聽力原文：

One of the most important relationships between different animal species is predation—the predator-prey interaction,in which a predator eats a prey.Predator species have several adaptations that help them catch prey species.Prey species have adaptations,too—physical and behavioral adaptations that enable them to elude predators and avoid being eaten.These defensive adaptations evolved in prey species through repeated encounters with predators over evolutionary time.

Some animal defenses are passive,such as hiding.Some defenses are active,such as escaping.Fleeing—running away—is the most direct anti-predator response,but it requires the animal to expend a lot of energy.A rabbit uses up a lot of energy running away from a lynx.Many animals avoid expending too much energy by escaping into a shelter.

Several prey species have some sort of vocalization—an alarm call—to announce the presence of a predator.The alarm call often triggers a behavioral defense called mobbing.During mobbing,the prey turns the tables and attacks the predator.

For example,when a chickadee spots a threat—say,an owl—it calls out the alarm.The chickadee starts scolding the owl,sometimes actually striking it from behind.Birds of other species may fly in to investigate,and often participate in the mobbing.The other birds chase,dive-bomb,or surround the owl,usually vocalizing loudly.Their intent is to encourage the“enemy”to move on to another area.

Some animals rely on defensive coloration.A well-known example of defensive coloration is camouflage,which makes prey difficult to spot against a background of similar color.All a camouflaged animal has to do is remain still to avoid being seen.Thus,camouflage is probably the most effective passive defense.Incidentally,some predators also use camouflage,especially predators who lie in wait for prey and have to blend into their environment.

Moths that camouflage themselves to match a leaf stand a good chance of not being seen by moth-eating birds,unless,of course,the moths become so populous that a bird is likely to come across one by accident.Once the bird learns the moth’s identity,it has a search image for it,and the moth’s disguise is useless.Looking like a leaf is then no advantage because the bird will start pecking at leaves in the hope that they are moths,and it will keep doing it as long as a sufficient number do turn out to be moths.

Another animal defense is the use of chemical weapons.We’re all familiar with the chemical weapon of the skunk.

Some animals—like poisonous toads and frogs—can synthesize toxins that attack the nervous system of predators.Other animals acquire chemical defenses passively.For example,some caterpillars acquire poison from the plants they eat.Then,when a bird eats the caterpillar,the bird quickly vomits.After that,the bird will avoid eating that kind of caterpillar.Some birds can remember bad-tasting meals a year later.

Another defensive adaptation is warning coloration.Animals with effective chemical defenses are often brightly colored,and there is evidence that predators are more cautious in dealing with bright color patterns in potential prey.This is probably because a lot of poisonous or bad-tasting animals are colored brightly,with black and yellow,or black and red stripes.

Warning coloration quickly trains predators to avoid eating these brightly-colored animals.Some birds have an instinctive tendency to avoid eating insects with warning coloration.For example,young warblers leave wasps alone because the birds recognize the danger in the black and yellow stripes of the wasp.However,warning coloration is not an absolute defense,as there is also evidence showing that many birds occasionally feed on bees and wasps,perhaps after learning to cope with their chemical defenses.

二、Defense of Animal托福聽力中文翻譯：

不同動物物種之間最重要的關(guān)系之一是捕食——捕食者與獵物的相互作用，即捕食者吃掉獵物。捕食者有幾種適應(yīng)能力，可以幫助它們捕捉獵物。獵物有適應(yīng)能力，也有身體和行為適應(yīng)能力，使它們能夠躲避捕食者，避免被吃掉。隨著進化時間的推移，這些防御適應(yīng)在獵物物種中通過反復(fù)遭遇捕食者而進化。

有些動物的防御是被動的，比如躲藏。有些防御是主動的，比如逃跑。逃跑是最直接的反捕食者反應(yīng)，但這需要動物消耗大量能量。兔子在逃離山貓時消耗了大量的能量。許多動物為了避免消耗過多的能量而逃到收容所。

一些獵物會發(fā)出某種叫聲——發(fā)出警報，宣布捕食者的存在。警報呼叫通常會觸發(fā)一種稱為暴徒的行為防御。在圍捕過程中，獵物會翻盤攻擊捕食者。

例如，當山雀發(fā)現(xiàn)威脅時，比如貓頭鷹，它會發(fā)出警報。山雀開始斥責貓頭鷹，有時甚至會從后面打它。其他物種的鳥類可能會飛過來調(diào)查，并經(jīng)常參與圍捕。其他鳥類追逐、俯沖轟炸或包圍貓頭鷹，通常大聲鳴叫。他們的意圖是鼓勵“敵人”轉(zhuǎn)移到另一個地區(qū)。

有些動物依靠防御色。防御色的一個著名例子是偽裝，它使獵物在類似顏色的背景下很難被發(fā)現(xiàn)。一只偽裝的動物所要做的就是保持靜止以避免被人看到。因此，偽裝可能是最有效的被動防御。順便說一句，一些捕食者也會使用偽裝，尤其是那些埋伏著等待獵物并不得不融入環(huán)境的捕食者。

為了與樹葉相匹配而偽裝自己的飛蛾很有可能不會被吃飛蛾的鳥類看到，當然，除非飛蛾數(shù)量如此之多，以至于鳥類很可能會偶然遇到一只。一旦鳥知道了飛蛾的身份，它就會有一個搜索圖像，而飛蛾的偽裝是無用的。看起來像一片葉子是沒有好處的，因為這只鳥會開始啄樹葉，希望它們是飛蛾，只要有足夠數(shù)量的飛蛾出現(xiàn)，它就會一直這樣做。

另一種動物防御是使用化學武器。我們都熟悉臭鼬的化學武器。

一些動物，如有毒的蟾蜍和青蛙，可以合成毒素攻擊捕食者的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)。其他動物被動地獲得化學防御。例如，一些毛蟲從它們吃的植物中獲取毒素。然后，當一只鳥吃了毛毛蟲時，它會很快嘔吐。在那之后，這只鳥將避免吃那種毛毛蟲。有些鳥一年后還記得難吃的飯菜。

另一種防御適應(yīng)是警告色。具有有效化學防御能力的動物通常顏色鮮艷，有證據(jù)表明，捕食者在處理潛在獵物的鮮艷顏色時更加謹慎。這可能是因為許多有毒或味道不好的動物顏色鮮艷，有黑色和黃色，或黑色和紅色條紋。

警告色能迅速訓(xùn)練捕食者避免食用這些顏色鮮艷的動物。一些鳥類本能地傾向于避免食用帶有警告色的昆蟲。例如，年輕的鶯不理黃蜂，因為這些鳥從黃蜂的黑色和黃色條紋中認識到了危險。然而，警告色并不是絕對的防御，因為也有證據(jù)表明，許多鳥類偶爾會以蜜蜂和黃蜂為食，也許是在學會應(yīng)對它們的化學防御之后。

三、Defense of Animal托福聽力問題：

Q1:1.What topics does the professor mainly discuss?

Click on two answers.

A.How predators find,catch,and eat prey

B.Behaviors that help prey avoid predators

C.Changes in predator and prey populations

D.Defensive coloration in prey animals

Q2:2.Why does the professor say this:

A.To explain why prey animals must be fast runners

B.To compare the amount of energy used by predators and prey

C.To illustrate a disadvantage of an active anti-predator response

D.To give an example of an adaptation that benefits predators

Q3:3.What takes place during a mobbing event?

A.A prey animal runs away from a predator.

B.Prey species chase,scold,and attack a predator.

C.Predators join together in a group to hunt prey.

D.The population of a prey species increases rapidly.

Q4:4.Why does the professor say this:

A.To explain why camouflage is not a perfect defense

B.To imply that birds and moths evolved at the same time

C.To describe how birds use their eyesight to find food

D.To compare the survival strategies of birds and moths

Q5:5.What does the professor mean when she says this:

A.Some birds have discovered that brightly-colored insects taste good.

B.Some birds have chemical defenses similar to those of insects.

C.Some birds appear able to manage the poison of bees and wasps.

D.Some birds may have forgotten the meaning of bright coloration.

四、Defense of Animal托福聽力答案：

A1:正確答案：BD

A2:正確答案：C

A3:正確答案：B

A4:正確答案：A

A5:正確答案：C

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