雅思閱讀模擬試題學(xué)術(shù)類（5）

雅思閱讀模擬試題學(xué)術(shù)類（5） 關(guān)于這個問題下面小編就來為各個考生解答下。

雅思閱讀模擬試題學(xué)術(shù)類（5）

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26, which are based on Reading

Passage 2 below.

The Triune1

Brain

The first of our three brains to evolve is what scientists call the reptilian cortex. This brain

sustains the elementary activities of animal survival such as respiration, adequate rest

and a beating heart. We are not required to consciously “think” about these activities.

The reptilian cortex also houses the “startle centre”, a mechanism that facilitates swift

reactions to unexpected occurrences in our surroundings. That panicked lurch you

experience when a door slams shut somewhere in the house, or the heightened

awareness you feel when a twig cracks in a nearby bush while out on an evening stroll

are both examples of the reptilian cortex at work. When it comes to our interaction with

others, the reptilian brain offers up only the most basic impulses: aggression, mating,

and territorial defence. There is no great difference, in this sense, between a crocodile

defending its spot along the river and a turf war between two urban gangs.

Although the lizard may stake a claim to its habitat, it exerts total indifference toward the

well-being of its young. Listen to the anguished squeal of a dolphin separated from its

pod or witness the sight of elephants mourning their dead, however, and it is clear that a

new development is at play. Scientists have identified this as the limbic cortex. Unique to

mammals, the limbic cortex impels creatures to nurture their offspring by delivering

feelings of tenderness and warmth to the parent when children are nearby. These same

sensations also cause mammals to develop various types of social relations and kinship

networks. When we are with others of “our kind” – be it at soccer practice, church,

school or a nightclub – we experience positive sensations of togetherness, solidarity and

comfort. If we spend too long away from these networks, then loneliness sets in and

encourages us to seek companionship.

Only human capabilities extend far beyond the scope of these two cortexes. Humans

eat, sleep and play, but we also speak, plot, rationalise and debate finer points of

morality. Our unique abilities are the result of an expansive third brain – the neocortex –

which engages with logic, reason and ideas. The power of the neocortex comes from its

ability to think beyond the present, concrete moment. While other mammals are mainly

restricted to impulsive actions (although some, such as apes, can learn and remember

simple lessons), humans can think about the “big picture”. We can string together simple

lessons (for example, an apple drops downwards from a tree; hurting others causes

unhappiness) to develop complex theories of physical or social phenomena (such as the

laws of gravity and a concern for human rights).

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