Cape Cod托福聽力原文翻譯及問題答案

Cape Cod托福聽力原文翻譯及問題答案

一、Cape Cod托福聽力原文：

NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in an environmental conservation class.

FEMALE PROFESSOR:Next I want to talk about the collapse of the North American cod population. 

Let’s look at Cape Cod,in the northeastern United States…The area was named Cape Cod because there were so many cod fish in the waters just off its shores,so many that the first Europeans who fished there in the seventeenth century reported it was better than in Newfoundland,Canada.At the time,Newfoundland's cod fishery was so rich that people said it was possible just to lower a bucket in the water,pull it out,and it'd be full of cod.But Cape Cod was even better.So the fishing industry there did great until,after the 1940s.

uh,there were simply too many fishing vessels—sophisticated vessels—competing for fewer and fewer fish.In the 1940s,there were still about 400 million pounds of fish caught at Cape Cod every year.Just 50 years later,though—by the 1990s—commercial cod fishing there had become unprofitable;the annual catch had gone down to about five percent of its 1940s level.

And here's what's so fascinating.As more and more fishing vessels with better and better fishing technology were competing for cod,this competition was causing changes to the biology of the fish…and these changes were making it more and more difficult for the cod population to sustain itself.

FEMALE STUDENT:Changes to the biology of the fish?

FEMALE PROFESSOR:Well,if a cod fish could reproduce earlier than usual,it'd have a better chance of passing on its genes to the next generation before being caught,right?And sure enough,biologists noticed that around Cape Cod,the cod were beginning to mature at an earlier age than normal.

Prior to the population collapse,cod usually took about 8 to 10 years to fully mature,to start to reproduce,uh,and they lived around 40 years total.So cod had about 30 years of active reproductive life.

But now cod were beginning to reproduce at a younger age—at 3 to 4 years old.And they were living shorter lives because they were being caught,so they had fewer years within which to reproduce.

Additionally,even though some fish in the population were maturing at an earlier age,none was actually growing faster.No cod has a way of speeding up its rate of growth.So the younger reproductive age actually meant that smaller fish were reproducing.And,when you are a small cod reproducing,you produce fewer eggs than a large cod…the smaller cod simply don’t have the body mass to produce as many eggs.The overfishing pressure on the cod population was pushing the cod into an evolutionary corner—they were having a harder and harder time surviving.

MALE STUDENT:But what can be done to prevent other scenarios like this?I mean,obviously we need a better way to manage environmental resources.

FEMALE PROFESSOR:Well,what do you guys suggest?Carol?

MALE STUDENT:Hmm…uh,maybe privatize the resource? A private owner would want to manage the resource efficiently…in a sustainable way.

FEMALE PROFESSOR:OK,but the problem is,privatization doesn't necessarily result in better management of an environmental resource…Any ideas why it wouldn’t?

MALE STUDENT:Well,an individual owner might not properly assess the limits of the resource…so they could be just as prone to overexploiting that resource as a group,where lots of people have access to it.

FEMALE PROFESSOR:Yes.Well—like in the 1970s,when it was already clear the North American cod population was declining dramatically.The U.S.and Canada declared a 200-mile exclusive economic zone in the waters around Cape Cod.By declaring an exclusive economic zone,you see,these two countries were trying to extend their territorial waters.Basically,it was as if they were saying,“We’re the private owners—we own these waters,so we own the rights to the fish in them too.”Essentially,the two countries told fishing vessels—trawlers—from all other nations to get out of the cod-fishing area.

You'd think that'd be good news for the cod because there'd be less fishing.However,the U.S.and Canada wanted to expel foreign trawlers only in order to increase the numbers of their own fishing fleets.The total number of fishing trawlers actually increased.

Another possible solution—pass laws that regulate use of the resource.But for regulation to be effective,penalties for breaking the law have to be large enough to deter violators.

二、Cape Cod托福聽力中文翻譯：

旁白：請聽一節(jié)環(huán)境保護課上的講座。

女教授：接下來我想談談北美鱈魚種群的崩潰；

讓我們看看美國東北部的鱈魚角…該地區(qū)被命名為鱈魚角，因為在其海岸附近的水域中有如此多的鱈魚，以至于17世紀在那里捕魚的第一批歐洲人報告說，這里比加拿大紐芬蘭更好。當時，紐芬蘭的鱈魚漁場非常豐富，以至于人們說，只要把一只水桶放到水中，把它拉出來，就會裝滿鱈魚。但科德角更好。因此，那里的漁業(yè)在20世紀40年代之后一直表現出色。

呃,漁船太多了,老練的漁船在爭奪越來越少的魚。在20世紀40年代，鱈魚角每年仍有大約4億磅的魚被捕獲。僅僅50年后，盡管到了20世紀90年代，那里的商業(yè)鱈魚捕撈變得無利可圖；年捕獲量已下降到20世紀40年代水平的5%左右。

這就是最吸引人的地方。隨著越來越多擁有更好捕魚技術的漁船爭奪鱈魚，這種競爭導致了魚類生物學的變化……這些變化使鱈魚種群越來越難以維持。

女學生：魚類生物學的變化？

女教授：好吧，如果鱈魚能比平常更早繁殖，它在被捕獲之前就有更好的機會將其基因傳給下一代，對嗎？果不其然，生物學家注意到，在鱈魚角附近，鱈魚開始比正常年齡更早成熟。

在種群崩潰之前，鱈魚通常需要8到10年才能完全成熟，開始繁殖，呃，它們總共活了40年左右。所以鱈魚有大約30年的活躍繁殖壽命。

但現在鱈魚在3到4歲時開始繁殖。它們的壽命更短，因為它們被捕獲，所以它們的繁殖期更短。

此外，盡管種群中的一些魚類成熟較早，但實際上沒有一種魚類生長得更快。沒有一種鱈魚能加速其生長速度。因此，較年輕的生殖年齡實際上意味著較小的魚類正在繁殖。而且，當你是一條小鱈魚繁殖時，你產生的卵比大鱈魚少……小鱈魚根本沒有產生那么多卵的體重。對鱈魚種群的過度捕撈壓力正將鱈魚推向進化的角落，它們的生存越來越困難。

男學生：但是我們能做些什么來防止其他類似的情況呢？我的意思是，顯然我們需要更好的方式來管理環(huán)境資源。

女教授：你們有什么建議嗎？頌歌

男學生：嗯……嗯，也許把資源私有化&nbsp；私人所有者希望以可持續(xù)的方式有效地管理資源。

女教授：好吧，但問題是，私有化不一定會導致更好的環(huán)境資源管理……有什么想法為什么不會呢？

男學生：嗯，個體所有者可能無法正確評估資源的限制……因此他們可能會像一個群體一樣，過度開發(fā)資源，因為很多人都可以使用。

女教授：是的。就像上世紀70年代一樣，當時北美鱈魚的數量已經明顯下降。美國和加拿大宣布在科德角附近水域設立200英里專屬經濟區(qū)。你看，通過宣布專屬經濟區(qū)，這兩個國家試圖擴大其領海?；旧?，這就像他們在說，“我們是這些水域的私人所有者，所以我們也擁有這些水域中的魚的權利?！睆谋举|上說，兩國告訴所有其他國家的漁船和拖網漁船離開鱈魚捕撈區(qū)。

你會認為這對鱈魚來說是個好消息，因為捕魚會減少。然而，美國和加拿大想要驅逐外國拖網漁船，只是為了增加本國漁船隊的數量。拖網漁船的總數實際上有所增加。

另一個可能的解決方案是通過法律來規(guī)范資源的使用。但為了使監(jiān)管有效，對違法者的懲罰必須足夠大，以遏制違法者。

三、Cape Cod托福聽力問題：

Q1:1.What is the discussion mainly about?

A.Results of privatization in the cod-fishing industry

B.Laws that regulate the cod-fishing industry

C.A recent study on cod-fishing techniques

D.Problems related to the overfishing of cod

Q2:2.Why does the professor compare Cape Cod to Newfoundland?

A.To explain how some of Cape Cod's waters first became privatized

B.To illustrate the enormous size of Cape Cod's seventeenth-century cod population

C.To explain why large-scale cod fishing began later in Cape Cod than elsewhere

D.To highlight the results of two different evolutionary pressures on cod

Q3:3.What change did scientists notice around Cape Cod after the 1940s?

A.The amount of pollutants dumped into the ocean increased dramatically.

B.Trawling ships violated fishing regulations more often.

C.The cod population's diet became less diverse.

D.Cod began to mature at a younger age.

Q4:4.What point does the professor make about reproduction among small cod fish as compared to larger cod fish?

A.Eggs produced by smaller cod are less likely to survive.

B.Smaller cod produce fewer eggs.

C.The offspring of smaller cod do not live as long

D.Smaller cod produce eggs fewer times per year

Q5:5.What is the professor's opinion of privatization for the management of an environmental resource?

A.Privatization is an imperfect tool.

B.Privatization should be tried more often.

C.Privatization usually results in political conflicts.

D.Privatization usually results in the best outcome.

Q6:6.According to the professor,what was the result of the 200-mile exclusive economic zone declared by the United States and Canada?

A.The cod population moved further out to sea.

B.The cod population began to recover.

C.More trawlers began fishing around Cape Cod.

D.Penalties for overfishing were toughened.

四、Cape Cod托福聽力答案：

A1:正確答案：D

A2:正確答案：B

A3:正確答案：D

A4:正確答案：B

A5:正確答案：A

A6:正確答案：C

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