劍橋雅思5 Test 1閱讀Passage 2原文翻譯Nature or Nurture

劍橋雅思5 Test 1閱讀Passage 2原文翻譯Nature or Nurture，今天中國教育在線就來為大家分析這個問題。

Nature or Nurture

服從實驗

劍橋雅思5 Test 1 Passage 2閱讀原文翻譯

自然段A

A few years ago,in one of the most fascinating and disturbing experiments in behavioural psychology,Stanley Milgram of Yale University tested 40 subjects from all walks of life for their willingness to obey instructions given by a‘leader’in a situation in which the subjects might feel a personal distaste for the actions they were called upon to perform.Specifically,Milgram told each volunteer‘teacher-subject’that the experiment was in the noble cause of education,and was designed to test whether or not punishing pupils for their mistakes would have a positive effect on the pupils’ability to learn.

幾年前，耶魯大學(xué)的斯坦利·米爾格拉姆（Stanley Milgram）在行為心理學(xué)最令人著迷和煩惱的實驗之一中，對40名來自各行各業(yè)的受試者進行了測試，以了解他們在特定情景下是否愿意服從“領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者”的指示。該情境中，他們可能對自己被要求所做的事情感到厭惡。米爾格拉姆特意告訴每個志愿者“老師-受試者”，該實驗是出于崇高的教育目的，旨在測試懲罰學(xué)生的錯誤是否會對學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)能力產(chǎn)生積極影響。

自然段B

Milgram’s experimental set-up involved placing the teacher-subject before a panel of thirty switches with labels ranging from‘15 volts of electricity(slight shock)’to‘450 volts(danger–severe shock)’in steps of 15 volts each.The teacher-subject was told that whenever the pupil gave the wrong answer to a question,a shock was to be administered,beginning at the lowest level and increasing in severity with each successive wrong answer.The supposed‘pupil’was in reality an actor hired by Milgram to simulate receiving the shocks by emitting a spectrum of groans,screams and writhings together with an assortment of statements and expletives denouncing both the experiment and the experimenter.Milgram told the teacher-subject to ignore the reactions of the pupil,and to administer whatever level of shock was called for,as per the rule governing the experimental situation of the moment.

米爾格拉姆（Milgram）的實驗設(shè)置如下：將充當(dāng)教師的志愿者放置在由30個開關(guān)組成的面板之前，每個開關(guān)的標(biāo)簽從“15伏特（輕微電擊）到450伏特（危險-嚴重電擊）”，每步15伏。老師被告知，每當(dāng)學(xué)生對一個問題給出錯誤的答案時，他們要對其實行電擊。電擊文章來自老烤鴨雅思從最低水平開始，隨著連續(xù)回答錯誤而加大電量。“學(xué)生”其實是現(xiàn)實中的一名演員，米爾格拉姆雇他來模擬受到電擊后的反應(yīng)。他會呻吟，尖叫，扭曲身體，并用各種各樣的詞匯咒罵該實驗和實驗者。米爾格拉姆告訴老師忽略學(xué)生的反應(yīng)，嚴格按照實驗對當(dāng)下情景的規(guī)定實行電擊，而不管其當(dāng)量如何。

自然段C

As the experiment unfolded,the pupil would deliberately give the wrong answers to questions posed by the teacher,thereby bringing on various electrical punishments,even up to the danger level of 300 volts and beyond.Many of the teacher-subjects balked at administering the higher levels of punishment,and turned to Milgram with questioning looks and/or complaints about continuing the experiment.In these situations,Milgram calmly explained that the teacher-subject was to ignore the pupil’s cries for mercy and carry on with the experiment.If the subject was still reluctant to proceed,Milgram said that it was important for the sake of the experiment that the procedure be followed through to the end.His final argument was,‘You have no other choice.You must go on.’What Milgram was trying to discover was the number of teacher-subjects who would be willing to administer the highest levels of shock,even in the face of strong personal and moral revulsion against the rules and conditions of the experiment.

隨著實驗的進行，學(xué)生會故意對老師提出的問題給出錯誤的答案，從而帶來各種電擊，甚至達到危險的300伏以及更高的水平。許多充當(dāng)老師的實驗對象執(zhí)行更高級別的懲罰猶豫不決，帶著疑問的表情看向米爾格拉姆，或者抱怨繼續(xù)執(zhí)行實驗。在這種情況下，米爾格拉姆平靜地解釋說，老師應(yīng)該忽略學(xué)生的求情，并繼續(xù)進行實驗。如果受試者仍然不愿繼續(xù)，米爾格拉姆會說，為了實驗?zāi)軌虺晒?，從頭到尾遵守程序非常重要。他的最后會說：“你別無選擇。你必須繼續(xù)”。米爾格拉姆試圖發(fā)現(xiàn)的是，即使面對個人和道德上對實驗規(guī)則的強烈反感，有多少充當(dāng)老師的實驗對象愿意釋放最高級別的電擊。

自然段D

Prior to carrying out the experiment,Milgram explained his idea to a group of 39 psychiatrists and asked them to predict the average percentage of people in an ordinary population who would be willing to administer the highest shock level of 450 volts.The overwhelming consensus was that virtually all the teacher-subjects would refuse to obey the experimenter.The psychiatrists felt that‘most subjects would not go beyond 150 volts’and they further anticipated that only four per cent would go up to 300 volts.Furthermore,they thought that only a lunatic fringe of about one in 1,000 would give the highest shock of 450 volts.

在進行實驗之前，米爾格拉姆向一組39位精神科醫(yī)生解釋了他的想法，并要求他們預(yù)測愿意釋放450伏最高電擊水平的人在普通人群所占的平均比例。壓倒性的共識是，幾乎所有充當(dāng)老師的實驗對象都會拒絕服從實驗者。精神科醫(yī)生認為“大多數(shù)受試者的電壓不會超過150伏”，他們進一步預(yù)計只有4％的人會愿意將電壓會升至300伏。此外，他們認為1000個人中才會有一個瘋子愿意釋放450伏的最高電擊。

自然段E

What were the actual results?Well,over 60 per cent of the teacher-subjects continued to obey Milgram up to the 450-volt limit!In repetitions of the experiment in other countries,the percentage of obedient teacher-subjects was even higher,reaching 85 per cent in one country.How can we possibly account for this vast discrepancy between what calm,rational,knowledgeable people predict in the comfort of their study and what pressured,flustered,but cooperative‘teachers’actually do in the laboratory of real life?

實際結(jié)果是什么？好吧，超過60％的受試者繼續(xù)服從米爾格拉姆（Milgram）將電壓升至450伏的極限！在其他國家的重復(fù)實驗中，遵從指令的受試者的比例甚至更高，在一個國家中達到了85％。我們該如何解釋這種冷靜，理性，有知識的人們在他們舒適的書房中所做出的預(yù)測，與在現(xiàn)實的實驗室中受到壓迫，慌張但合作的“老師們”實際行為之間的巨大差異？

自然段F

One’s first inclination might be to argue that there must be some sort of built-in animal aggression instinct that was activated by the experiment,and that Milgram’s teacher-subjects were just following a genetic need to discharge this pent-up primal urge onto the pupil by administering the electrical shock.A modern hard-core sociobiologist might even go so far as to claim that this aggressive instinct evolved as an advantageous trait,having been of survival value to our ancestors in their struggle against the hardships of life on the plains and in the caves,ultimately finding its way into our genetic make-up as a remnant of our ancient animal ways.

一個人可能一開始傾向于爭辯，實驗一定激活了某種內(nèi)在的動物侵略本能。而米爾格拉姆的實驗對象只是遵循基因的需要，將這種壓抑的原始沖動通過實行電擊傳遞給學(xué)生?，F(xiàn)代核心社會生物學(xué)家甚至可能聲稱這種侵略性的本能是作為一種有利特質(zhì)進化出來的。在我們的祖先在平原上和山洞里與艱難生活斗爭時，它具有生存價值，并最終作為我們古代動物生活方式的殘余而進入我們的基因結(jié)構(gòu)中。

自然段G

An alternative to this notion of genetic programming is to see the teacher-subjects’actions as a result of the social environment under which the experiment was carried out.As Milgram himself pointed out,‘Most subjects in the experiment see their behaviour in a larger context that is benevolent and useful to society–the pursuit of scientific truth.The psychological laboratory has a strong claim to legitimacy and evokes trust and confidence in those who perform there.An action such as shocking a victim,which in isolation appears evil,acquires a completely different meaning when placed in this setting.’

遺傳編碼概念的另一種解釋是，將充當(dāng)教師的實驗對象的行為視為進行實驗的社會環(huán)境的結(jié)果。正如米爾格拉姆本人指出的那樣：“實驗中的大多數(shù)受試者將他們的行為放在一個對社會有益和有用的更大環(huán)境中看待-追求科學(xué)真理。心理實驗室本身具有強烈的合法性，并激發(fā)在其中行動的人們的信任和信心。單獨看起來很邪惡的行為，例如電擊受害者，置于此環(huán)境中時則會獲得完全不同的含義?！?/p>

自然段H

Thus,in this explanation the subject merges his unique personality and personal and moral code with that of larger institutional structures,surrendering individual properties like loyalty,self-sacrifice and discipline to the service of malevolent systems of authority.

因此，在這種解釋中，實驗對象將其獨特的人格，以及個人和道德準(zhǔn)則與更大的制度結(jié)構(gòu)相結(jié)合，從而將忠誠，自我犧牲和紀(jì)律等個人特質(zhì)屈服于惡意的權(quán)威系統(tǒng)。

自然段I

Here we have two radically different explanations for why so many teacher-subjects were willing to forgo their sense of personal responsibility for the sake of an institutional authority figure.The problem for biologists,psychologists and anthropologists is to sort out which of these two polar explanations is more plausible.This,in essence,is the problem of modern sociobiology–to discover the degree to which hard-wired genetic programming dictates,or at least strongly biases,the interaction of animals and humans with their environment,that is,their behaviour.Put another way,sociobiology is concerned with elucidating the biological basis of all behaviour.

這樣一來，我們就有了兩種截然不同的解釋，說明為什么這么多的實驗對象為了機構(gòu)權(quán)威而愿意放棄他們的個人責(zé)任感。對于生物學(xué)家，心理學(xué)家和人類學(xué)家來說，問題是要找出這兩種極端解釋中哪一個更合理。這在本質(zhì)上是現(xiàn)代社會生物學(xué)的問題-發(fā)現(xiàn)基因編碼的支配程度，或至少是強烈的偏見，動物和人類與環(huán)境的相互作用，也就是他們的行為。換句話說，社會生物學(xué)與闡明所有行為的生物基礎(chǔ)有關(guān)。

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