劍橋雅思17Test1Passage2閱讀原文翻譯Stadiums:Past,present and future體育場的過去，現(xiàn)在與未來

劍橋雅思17 Test1 Passage2閱讀原文翻譯

A部分

Stadiums are among the oldest forms of urban architecture:vast stadiums where the public could watch sporting events were at the centre of western city life as far back as the ancient Greek and Roman Empires,well before the construction of the great medieval cathedrals and the grand 19th-and 20th-century railway stations which dominated urban skylines in later eras.

體育場是最古老的城市建筑形式之一：早在古希臘和羅馬帝國時期，供公眾觀看運動項目的大型體育場就位于西方城市生活的中心，遠(yuǎn)在后來主導(dǎo)城市天際線的中世紀(jì)大型教堂和19、20世紀(jì)宏偉的火車站之前。

Today,however,stadiums are regarded with growing scepticism.Construction costs can soar above￡1 billion,and stadiums finished for major events such as the Olympic Games or the FIFA World Cup have notably fallen into disuse and disrepair.

然而，如今，體育場越來越受到人們的懷疑。其建造成本能夠高出10億英鎊。為奧運會或者FIFA世界杯等大型項目修建完工的體育場更是造人廢棄，破敗不堪。

But this need not be the case.History shows that stadiums can drive urban development and adapt to the culture of every age.Even today,architects and planners are finding new ways to adapt the mono-functional sports arenas which became emblematic of modernisation during the 20th century.

但這種情況并非必然。歷史表明，體育場能夠推動城市發(fā)展，并適應(yīng)各個年代的文化。即便是現(xiàn)在，設(shè)計師和規(guī)劃者也在尋找調(diào)整單一功能運動場地的新方法。而這些運動場已經(jīng)成為20世紀(jì)現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)程的象征。

B部分

The amphitheatre of Arles in southwest France,with a capacity of 25,000 spectators,is perhaps the best example of just how versatile stadiums can be.Built by the Romans in 90 AD,it became a fortress with four towers after the fifth century,and was then transformed into a village containing more than 200 houses.With the growing interest in conservation during the 19th century,it was converted back into an arena for the staging of bullfights,thereby returning the structure to its original use as a venue for public spectacles.

法國西南部能夠容納25000名觀眾的阿爾勒圓形露天競技場或許是運動場具備多種功能的最佳例證。由羅馬人在公元90年修建完成，它在5世紀(jì)之后成為擁有四個塔臺的堡壘，隨后又被改建成容納200多座房子的村莊。19世紀(jì)，隨著保護(hù)意識的提升，它被改回運動場，用于舉辦斗牛比賽，從而回歸到其最初的用途-舉辦大型公共事項的場地。

Another example is the imposing arena of Verona in northern Italy,with space for 30,000 spectators,which was built 60 years before the Arles amphitheatre and 40 years before Rome’s famous Colosseum.It has endured the centuries and is currently considered one of the world’s prime sites for opera,thanks to its outstanding acoustics.

另一個例子是意大利北部壯觀的維羅納競技場。它可以容納30000名觀眾，修建時間比阿爾勒圓形露天競技場早60年，比著名的羅馬斗獸場早40年。它在隨后的十幾個世紀(jì)中留存下來。由于優(yōu)秀的音響效果，它如今被認(rèn)為是世界上歌劇演出的最佳場地之一。

C部分

The area in the centre of the Italian town of Lucca,known as the Piazza dell’Anfiteatro,is yet another impressive example of an amphitheatre becoming absorbed into the fabric of the city.The site evolved in a similar way to Arles and was progressively filled with buildings from the Middle Ages until the 19th century,variously used as houses,a salt depot and a prison.But rather than reverting to an arena,it became a market square,designed by Romanticist architect Lorenzo Nottolini.Today,the ruins of the amphitheatre remain embedded in the various shops and residences surrounding the public square.

意大利盧卡鎮(zhèn)的中心區(qū)域，也被稱為Piazza dell’Anfiteatro，是露天競技場融入城市的另一個例子。該場地的演變與阿爾勒相似，從中世紀(jì)到19世紀(jì)逐漸被各種建筑物填滿。它們被當(dāng)做房屋，食鹽倉庫以及監(jiān)獄。但它并沒有被改回競技場，而是在浪漫主義建筑師Lorenzo Nottolini的設(shè)計下成為集市廣場。如今，圓形露天競技場的殘留仍然遺存在廣場周圍各種商店與民居里。

D部分

There are many similarities between modern stadiums and the ancient amphitheatres intended for games.But some of the flexibility was lost at the beginning of the 20th century,as stadiums were developed using new products such as steel and reinforced concrete,and made use of bright lights for night-time matches.

現(xiàn)代體育場與為比賽而修建的古代圓形露天競技場之間存在許多相似之處。但由于體育場使用諸如鋼筋和水泥這樣的新型材料，以及利用燈光為夜晚的比賽照明，其靈活性在20世紀(jì)初期的時候有所喪失。

Many such stadiums are situated in suburban areas,designed for sporting use only and surrounded by parking lots.These factors mean that they may not be as accessible to the general public,require more energy to run and contribute to urban heat.

許多這樣的體育場位于城市郊區(qū)，僅為運動設(shè)計，周圍都是停車場。這些因素意味著，公眾可能不太方便前往，需要更多的能量來運營，并加劇城市的熱島效應(yīng)。

E部分

But many of today’s most innovative architects see scope for the stadium to help improve the city.Among the current strategies,two seem to be having particular success:the stadium as an urban hub,and as a power plant.

但如今，許多最具創(chuàng)新精神的建筑師在這些體育場身上看到了幫助改善城市的前景。在現(xiàn)有的方案中，有兩種似乎特別成功：體育場作為城市中心，以及作為發(fā)電站。

There’s a growing trend for stadiums to be equipped with public spaces and services that serve a function beyond sport,such as hotels,retail outlets,conference centres,restaurants and bars,children’s playgrounds and green space.Creating mixed-use developments such as this reinforces compactness and multi-functionality,making more efficient use of land and helping to regenerate urban spaces.

體育場配備運動之外的公共功能和服務(wù)，如酒店、零售商店、會議中心、餐廳和酒吧、兒童運動場地、公園等，變得越來越常見。諸如此類混合用途的發(fā)展加強(qiáng)了其緊湊性與多功能性，可以更加高效地使用土地，幫助改善城市空間。

This opens the space up to families and a wider cross-section of society,instead of catering only to sportspeople and supporters.There have been many examples of this in the UK:the mixed-use facilities at Wembley and Old Trafford have become a blueprint for many other stadiums in the world.

這一舉措將運動場地向家庭和更廣泛的社會群體開放，而不是僅用于運動人群和支持者們。英國就有許多這樣的例子：溫布利和老特拉福德混合用途的設(shè)施成為世界上許多其他體育館的范本。

F部分

The phenomenon of stadiums as power stations has arisen from the idea that energy problems can be overcome by integrating interconnected buildings by means of a smart grid,which is an electricity supply network that uses digital communications technology to detect and react to local changes in usage,without significant energy losses.This article is from laokaoya website.Stadiums are ideal for these purposes,because their canopies have a large surface area for fitting photovoltaic panels and rise high enough(more than 40 metres)to make use of micro wind turbines.

運動場作為發(fā)電站的現(xiàn)象源自于以下想法：通過智能電網(wǎng)（即利用數(shù)字通信技術(shù)對當(dāng)?shù)仉娏κ褂玫淖兓M(jìn)行偵測和應(yīng)對，從而避免大量能量損失的電力供應(yīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)）整合互相聯(lián)系的建筑可以克服能源問題。運動場非常適合達(dá)成這些目的，因為它們的頂篷有著巨大的表面積，可以用來安裝光電池板，并提升到足夠的高度（超過40米）以利用微型風(fēng)力渦輪機(jī)。

Freiburg Mage Solar Stadium in Germany is the first of a new wave of stadiums as power plants,which also includes the Amsterdam Arena and the Kaohsiung Stadium.The latter,inaugurated in 2009,has 8,844 photovoltaic panels producing up to 1.14 GWh of electricity annually.This reduces the annual output of carbon dioxide by 660 tons and supplies up to 80 percent of the surrounding area when the stadium is not in use.This is proof that a stadium can serve its city,and have a decidedly positive impact in terms of reduction of CO2 emissions.

德國的Freiburg Mage太陽能體育場是體育場作為發(fā)電站這一新潮流的首個例子。其他案例還包括阿姆斯特丹競技場和高雄體育館。后者于2009年首次投入使用，擁有8844塊光電池板，每年發(fā)電11.4億瓦時。這每年可以減少660噸的二氧化碳排放，并在體育場不使用時最多為80%的周邊地區(qū)供電。這證明，運動場可以為其城市服務(wù)，并在減少二氧化碳排放方面有著顯著的積極影響。

G部分

Sporting arenas have always been central to the life and culture of cities.In every era,the stadium has acquired new value and uses:from military fortress to residential village,public space to theatre and most recently a field for experimentation in advanced engineering.The stadium of today now brings together multiple functions,thus helping cities to create a sustainable future.

運動場所一直都是城市生活和文化的中心。每一個時代，體育場都獲得過新的價值和用途：從軍事堡壘到居民村莊，到公共空間，到劇院，再到最近前沿工程學(xué)的實驗場地。如今的體育場結(jié)合了多種用途，從而幫助城市創(chuàng)造出可持續(xù)的未來。

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