Palimpsest托福聽力原文翻譯及問題答案

Palimpsest托福聽力原文翻譯及問題答案

一、Palimpsest托福聽力原文：

Narrator:Listen to part of a lecture in an art history class.

MALE PROFESSOR:Now,in Europe,in the Middle Ages,before the invention of printing and the printing press,all books,all manuscripts,were handmade.And the material typically used for the pages was parchment,which is animal skin that’s stretched and dried under tension so it becomes really flat and can be written on.

During the 1400s,when printing was being developed,paper became the predominant material for books in Europe,but prior to that,it was parchment.Parchment is durable—much more so than paper.And it could be reused,which came in handy since it was a costly material and in short supply.So it wasn’t uncommon for the scribes,or monks,who produced the manuscripts—uh remember,before printing,books were made mainly in monasteries—well,the scribes often recycled the parchment that’d been used for earlier manuscripts.

They simply erased the ink off the parchment and wrote something new in its place.A manuscript page that was written on,erased,and then used again is called a palimpsest.Palimpsests were created?well,we know about two methods that were used for removing ink from parchment.

In the late Middle Ages,it was customary to scrape away the surface of the parchment with an abrasive,which completely wiped out any writing that was there.But earlier in the Middle Ages,the original ink was usually removed by washing the used parchment with milk.That removed the ink,but with the passing of time the original writing might reappear.In fact,it might reappear to the extent that scholars could make out and even decipher the original text.

Perhaps the most famous example is the Archimedes palimpsest.Archimedes lived in Greece around 200 B.C.E.?And as you probably know,he's considered one of the greatest mathematicians who ever lived,even though many of his writings had been lost,including what many now think to be his most important work,called the Method.

But in 1998,a book of prayers from the Middle Ages sold at an art auction for a lot of money,more money than anyone would pay for a damaged book from the twelfth century,beautiful or not.Why?It had been discovered that the book was a palimpsest,and beneath the surface writing of the manuscript lay—guess what?—mathematical theorems and diagrams from Archimedes.Archimedes’writings were originally done on papyrus scrolls.Then in the tenth century,a scribe made a copy on parchment of some of his texts and diagrams,including as it turns out,the Method.This was extremely fortunate since later on,the original papyrus scrolls disappeared.

About 200 years later,in the twelfth century,this parchment manuscript became a palimpsest when a scribe used the parchment to make a prayer book.So the pages,the pieces of parchment themselves had been preserved,but the Archimedes text was erased and written over,and no one knew it existed.

It wasn't until 1906 that a scholar came across the prayer book in a library and realized it was a palimpsest,and that the underlying layer of text could only have come from Archimedes.That was when his work the Method was discovered for the first time.

Uh,the palimpsest then went through some more tough times,but eventually it ended up at an art auction,where it was bought and then donated to an art museum in Baltimore for conservation and study.To avoid further damage to the manuscript,the research team at the art museum has had to be extremely selective in the techniques they use to see the original writing.

They've used ultraviolet light and some other techniques,and if you are interested in that sort of thing,you can learn more about it in an art conservation class.But,actually,it was a physicist who came up with a method that was a breakthrough.He realized that the iron in the ancient ink would display if exposed to a certain x-ray imaging method.And except for small portions of the text that couldn't be deciphered,this technique’s been very helpful in seeing Archimedes’texts and drawings through the medieval overwriting.

二、Palimpsest托福聽力中文翻譯：

旁白：在藝術(shù)史課上聽一節(jié)課的一部分。

男教授：在中世紀的歐洲，在印刷術(shù)和印刷機發(fā)明之前，所有的書和手稿都是手工制作的。通常用于制作頁面的材料是羊皮紙，這是一種動物皮膚，在張力下拉伸和干燥，使其變得非常平坦，可以在上面書寫。

在14世紀，當(dāng)印刷術(shù)發(fā)展起來時，紙張成為歐洲書籍的主要材料，但在此之前，它是羊皮紙。羊皮紙比紙更耐用。而且它可以重復(fù)使用，這很方便，因為它是一種昂貴的材料，而且供應(yīng)短缺。因此，抄寫員或僧侶創(chuàng)作手稿的情況并不罕見。記住，在印刷之前，書籍主要是在修道院制作的。抄寫員經(jīng)?；厥沼糜谠缙谑指宓难蚱ぜ垺?/p>

他們只是擦去羊皮紙上的墨水，在原處寫下新的東西。一個手稿頁被寫在上面，刪除，然后再次使用，被稱為翻頁。創(chuàng)建了翻頁?我們知道有兩種方法可以去除羊皮紙上的墨水。

在中世紀晚期，人們習(xí)慣于用研磨劑刮去羊皮紙的表面，從而徹底抹去紙上的任何文字。但在中世紀早期，原始墨水通常是通過用牛奶清洗用過的羊皮紙來去除的。這去除了墨水，但隨著時間的推移，原始文字可能會再次出現(xiàn)。事實上，它可能會再次出現(xiàn)，以至于學(xué)者們能夠辨認甚至破譯原文。

也許最著名的例子是阿基米德回文。阿基米德大約生活在公元前200年的希臘。?正如你們可能知道的，他被認為是有史以來最偉大的數(shù)學(xué)家之一，盡管他的許多著作已經(jīng)丟失，包括現(xiàn)在許多人認為是他最重要的作品，叫做方法。

但在1998年，一本中世紀的祈禱書在一次藝術(shù)品拍賣會上以高價售出，這比任何人買一本十二世紀的破損書所花的錢都要多，無論這本書是否漂亮。為什么？人們發(fā)現(xiàn)這本書是一本重印本，在手稿的表面下寫著什么-阿基米德的數(shù)學(xué)定理和圖表。阿基米德的作品最初寫在紙莎草卷軸上。然后在十世紀，一個抄寫員在羊皮紙上復(fù)制了他的一些文本和圖表，包括后來證明的方法。這是非常幸運的，因為后來，原來的紙莎草卷軸消失了。

大約200年后，在12世紀，當(dāng)一個抄寫員用羊皮紙做祈禱書時，這張羊皮紙手稿變成了復(fù)寫本。因此，這些紙頁、羊皮紙本身都被保存了下來，但阿基米德文字被抹去并寫了下來，沒有人知道它的存在。

直到1906年，一位學(xué)者在圖書館偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)了這本祈禱書，并意識到它是一本復(fù)寫本，而文字的底層只能來自阿基米德。那是他的工作首次發(fā)現(xiàn)這種方法。

嗯，這本復(fù)本后來經(jīng)歷了一些更艱難的時期，但最終它在一次藝術(shù)品拍賣會上被買下，然后捐贈給巴爾的摩的一家藝術(shù)博物館進行保護和研究。為了避免進一步損壞手稿，美術(shù)館的研究團隊必須在觀看原稿時使用極為挑剔的技術(shù)。

他們使用了紫外線和其他一些技術(shù)，如果你對這類事情感興趣，你可以在藝術(shù)保護課上了解更多。但事實上，是一位物理學(xué)家提出了一種突破性的方法。他意識到，如果使用某種x射線成像方法，古代墨水中的鐵就會顯示出來。除了一小部分無法解讀的文字外，這項技術(shù)在中世紀覆蓋阿基米德的文字和繪畫中非常有用。

三、Palimpsest托福聽力問題：

Q1:1.What is the lecture mainly about?

A.How Archimedes was identified as the author of some ancient texts

B.The recovery of some ancient writings on mathematics

C.Differences among various writing materials used in the Middle Ages

D.Techniques for restoring ancient manuscripts

Q2:2.What are two points the professor makes about parchment?

A.It is more long lasting than paper.

B.It was inexpensive to produce during the Middle Ages.

C.It was the material Archimedes used for his writings.

D.Its use for books decreased after the 1400s.

Q3:3.What does the professor imply when he explains the washing and scraping methods that were used to remove ink from a parchment surface?

A.Washing made parchment more able to retain newly applied ink than scraping did.

B.Washing was less effective than scraping as a means of permanently erasing ink.

C.The scraping method was used in the creation of the Archimedes palimpsest.

D.Neither method completely erased the original text.

Q4:4.What type of book became known as the Archimedes palimpsest?

A.A history book

B.A physics book

C.A prayer book

D.An artist's book

Q5:5.What does the professor imply about the various techniques used to view Archimedes'text?

A.The students should be familiar with most of the techniques.

B.Different techniques were used to analyze the iron content of ancient ink.

C.The use of ultraviolet light was more damaging than the other techniques.

D.X-ray imaging was more effective than the other techniques.

Q6:6.What does the professor imply about the significance of the Archimedes palimpsest?

A.It is significant because it contains what may be Archimedes'most important work

B.It is significant because it proves that a certain mathematics text was written by Archimedes.

C.It is significant because it is the oldest one ever discovered.

D.It is significant because it is the first one to be completely deciphered.

四、Palimpsest托福聽力答案：

A1:正確答案：B

A2:正確答案：AD

A3:正確答案：B

A4:正確答案：C

A5:正確答案：D

A6:正確答案：A

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