劍橋雅思16Test2Passage3閱讀原文翻譯 How to make wise decisions

劍橋雅思16Test2Passage3閱讀原文翻譯 How to make wise decisions 具體的內(nèi)容和中國(guó)教育在線平臺(tái)一起來看看吧

劍橋雅思16Test2Passage3閱讀原文翻譯 How to make wise decisions 如何做出明智的決策

劍橋雅思16 Test2 Passage3閱讀原文翻譯

第1段

Across cultures, wisdom has been considered one of the most revered human qualities. Although the truly wise may seem few and far between, empirical research examining wisdom suggests that it isn’t an exceptional trait possessed by a small handful of bearded philosophers after all – in fact, the latest studies suggest that most of us have the ability to make wise decisions, given the right context.

各個(gè)文化中，智慧一直都被認(rèn)為是最受尊敬的人類品質(zhì)之一。雖然真正的智慧似乎十分稀少罕見，但針對(duì)智慧的實(shí)證研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，它并不是一種只有少部分長(zhǎng)滿胡子的哲學(xué)家才擁有的獨(dú)特品質(zhì)。事實(shí)上，最新的研究表明，在正確情景下，我們大多數(shù)人都有做出明智決定的能力。

第2段

‘It appears that experiential, situational, and cultural factors are even more powerful in shaping wisdom than previously imagined,’ says Associate Professor Igor Grossmann of the University of Waterloo in Ontario, Canada. ‘Recent empirical findings from cognitive, developmental, social, and personality psychology cumulatively suggest that people’s ability to reason wisely varies dramatically across experiential and situational contexts. Understanding the role of such contextual factors offers unique insights into understanding wisdom in daily life, as well as how it can be enhanced and taught.’

“經(jīng)驗(yàn)、情景和文化因素在塑造智慧方面似乎比我們之前想象的還要重要”，位于加拿大安大略省滑鐵盧大學(xué)的副教授Igor Grossmann說?！白罱鼇碜哉J(rèn)知心理學(xué)，發(fā)展心理學(xué)，社會(huì)心理學(xué)和個(gè)性心理學(xué)的實(shí)證研究逐漸發(fā)現(xiàn)，人們進(jìn)行智慧思考的能力在不同的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和情景下出現(xiàn)巨大差異。理解這些背景因素為我們理解日常生活中的智慧，以及它如何被加強(qiáng)和傳授提供了獨(dú)特的角度”。

第3段

It seems that it’s not so much that some people simply possess wisdom and others lack it, but that our ability to reason wisely depends on a variety of external factors. ‘It is impossible to characterize thought processes attributed to wisdom without considering the role of contextual factors,’ explains Grossmann. ‘In other words, wisdom is not solely an “inner quality” but rather unfolds as a function of situations people happen to be in. Some situations are more likely to promote wisdom than others.’

事情似乎并不簡(jiǎn)單是一些人擁有智慧而其他人沒有智慧，我們明智思考的能力取決于各種外部因素?！安豢紤]背景因素的作用，就不可能總結(jié)出被歸為智慧的思考過程的特點(diǎn)”，Grossmann解釋道。“換句話說，智慧不僅僅是一種內(nèi)部品質(zhì)，而是人們所處情景的功能的展現(xiàn)。一些情景比其他情景更有可能促進(jìn)智慧發(fā)展”。

第4段

Coming up with a definition of wisdom is challenging, but Grossmann and his colleagues have identified four key characteristics as part of a framework of wise reasoning. One is intellectual humility or recognition of the limits of our own knowledge, and another is appreciation of perspectives wider than the issue at hand. Sensitivity to the possibility of change in social relations is also key, along with compromise or integration of different attitudes and beliefs.

給智慧下定義很困難，但Grossmann和他的同事已經(jīng)界定出四個(gè)關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)，作為智慧思考框架的一部分。一個(gè)是智力謙遜，或者說承認(rèn)我們知識(shí)的有限性，另一個(gè)是對(duì)比收頭問題更廣泛的解決方法的欣賞。對(duì)社會(huì)關(guān)系變化的可能性保持敏感也是關(guān)鍵之一，以及不同態(tài)度與觀點(diǎn)之間的妥協(xié)或者融合。

第5段

Grossmann and his colleagues have also found that one of the most reliable ways to support wisdom in our own day-to-day decisions is to look at scenarios from a third-party perspective, as though giving advice to a friend. Research suggests that when adopting a first-person viewpoint we focus on ‘the focal features of the environment’ and when we adopt a third-person, ‘observer’ viewpoint we reason more broadly and focus more on interpersonal and moral ideals such as justice and impartiality. Looking at problems from this more expansive viewpoint appears to foster cognitive processes related to wise decisions.

Grossmann和他的同事還發(fā)現(xiàn)，在我們?nèi)粘Q策中，支撐智慧最可靠的方式之一就是從第三方角度看待問題，就像給朋友提建議一樣。研究表明，當(dāng)我們采用第一視角的時(shí)候，我們關(guān)注環(huán)境的核心特征，而當(dāng)我們采用第三方、觀察者視角的時(shí)候，我們文章來自老烤鴨雅思會(huì)進(jìn)行更廣泛的思考，更加關(guān)注人際關(guān)系和道德理想，比如公平公正。從更加寬泛的視角看待問題似乎有助于促進(jìn)與明智決策相關(guān)的認(rèn)知過程。

第6段

What are we to do, then, when confronted with situations like a disagreement with a spouse or negotiating a contract at work, that require us to take a personal stake? Grossmann argues that even when we aren’t able to change the situation, we can still evaluate these experiences from different perspectives.

當(dāng)面對(duì)與配偶意見不一致或者在工作上溝通合同這樣需要我們進(jìn)行個(gè)人決策的情景時(shí)，我們?cè)撊绾巫瞿兀縂rossmann認(rèn)為，即便我們無法改變這一情景，我們?nèi)匀豢梢詮牟煌慕嵌葘?duì)這些經(jīng)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行評(píng)估。

第7段

For example, in one experiment that took place during the peak of a recent economic recession, graduating college seniors were asked to reflect on their job prospects. This article is from Laokaoya website. The students were instructed to imagine their career either ‘a(chǎn)s if you were a distant observer’ or ‘before your own eyes as if you were right there’. Participants in the group assigned to the distant observer’ role displayed more wisdom-related reasoning (intellectual humility and recognition of change) than did participants in the control group.

例如，在一項(xiàng)于近期經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退到頂點(diǎn)時(shí)進(jìn)行的實(shí)驗(yàn)中，大學(xué)畢業(yè)生被要求對(duì)他們的職業(yè)前景進(jìn)行思考。實(shí)驗(yàn)人員指示學(xué)生從不同角度想象自己的工作，要么當(dāng)自己是一個(gè)中立的觀察者，要么當(dāng)自己是當(dāng)事人。相比于控制組的參與者而言，從中立觀察者角度出發(fā)的參與者展現(xiàn)出更多與智慧相關(guān)的思考（智力謙遜與認(rèn)識(shí)到變化）。

第8段

In another study, couples in long-term romantic relationships were instructed to visualize an unresolved relationship conflict either through the eyes of an outsider or from their own perspective. Participants then discussed the incident with their partner for 10 minutes, after which they wrote down their thoughts about it. Couples in the ‘other’s eyes’ condition were significantly more likely to rely on wise reasoning – recognizing others’ perspectives and searching for a compromise -compared to the couples in the egocentric condition.

在另一項(xiàng)研究中，擁有長(zhǎng)期浪漫關(guān)系的夫妻被要求從外人角度或者從他們自己的角度想象一項(xiàng)未能解決的人際沖突，隨后參與者與他們的伴侶針對(duì)這一問題進(jìn)行10分鐘的討論。然后他們寫下自己的想法。與從自我角度出發(fā)的夫妻相比，從他人角度出發(fā)的夫妻明顯更有可能進(jìn)行明智的思考-接受他人的觀點(diǎn)，并尋求妥協(xié)。

第9段

‘Ego-decentering promotes greater focus on others and enables a bigger picture, conceptual view of the experience, affording recognition of intellectual humility and change,’ says Grossmann.

“不那么以自我為中心會(huì)讓人們更加關(guān)注他人，從更寬廣的視角對(duì)體驗(yàn)形成概念化的認(rèn)知，從而意識(shí)到知識(shí)的有限性和改變”，Grossmann說。

第10段

We might associate wisdom with intelligence or particular personality traits, but research shows only a small positive relationship between wise thinking and crystallized intelligence and the personality traits of openness and agreeableness. ‘It is remarkable how much people can vary in their wisdom from one situation to the next, and how much stronger such contextual effects are for understanding the relationship between wise judgment and its social and affective outcomes as compared to the generalized “traits”‘, Grossmann explains. ‘That is, knowing how wisely a person behaves in a given situation is more informative for understanding their emotions or likelihood to forgive [or] retaliate as compared to knowing whether the person may be wise “in general”‘.

我們可能會(huì)將智慧與智力或者特定的性格聯(lián)系起來，但研究表明，智慧與明晰的智力以及開放、宜人的性格特點(diǎn)之間只有微弱的聯(lián)系。“人們的智慧在不同情境中的差異之大讓人震驚，而背景因素對(duì)于理解明智決策與其社會(huì)和情感結(jié)果之間關(guān)系的作用也要比普遍的性格特點(diǎn)有用很多”，Grossmann解釋道?！傲私庖粋€(gè)人在特定情景下的表現(xiàn)有多么智慧或者有多大可能進(jìn)行原諒或者報(bào)復(fù)，比了解這個(gè)人是否大體智慧要能夠提供更多的信息”。

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