Difficulties in Astronomy托福聽力原文翻譯及問題答案

Difficulties in Astronomy托福聽力原文翻譯及問題答案

一、Difficulties in Astronomy托福聽力原文：

Narrator:Listen to part of a lecture in an astronomy class.

Male Professor:So,how many of you have seen the-the MilkyWay,the MilkyWay galaxy,in the sky?You?You have?Male Student:Yeah,I was camping.And there was uh,no moon that night.It was super dark.Male Professor:Uh,anybody else?Huh,not too many…Isn’t that strange that the MilkyWay is the galaxy that the planet Earth is in and most of us have never seen it?Now what’s the problem here?Female Student:Light pollution,right?From streetlights and stuff.

Male Professor:Yes.Especially unshielded streetlights,you know,ones that aren’t pointed downward…Now,here’s an irony:the building we’re in now,the astronomy building,not far from our observatory,has unshielded lights.

Male Student:So,the problem’s pretty widespread…Male Professor:It’s basically beyond control,as far as expecting to view the night sky anywhere near a city…I mean,uh,I’ve lived around here my whole life,and I’ve never seen the Milky Way within the city limits—and I probably never will…there’s a price for progress,huh?But let’s think beyond light pollution.That’s only one kind of,uh,technological advance that has interfered with astronomical research.

Can anyone think of another?No?OK,let’s look at it this way…we don’t only get information by looking at the stars…for the past 70 years or so,we’ve also used radio astronomy,which lets us study radio waves from the sky…Male Student:How can you observe radio waves?I mean,tell anything about the stars from that?Male Professor:Well,in optical astronomy—using a telescope and observing the stars that way—we rely on visible light waves…What we’re seeing from Earth is actually electromagnetic radiation that’s coming from stars—and just one part of it is visible light.But there are problems with that.

When photons in light waves hit objects in our atmosphere—water droplets,oxygen and nitrogen molecules,dust particles,and so on—these objects are illuminated,they’re lit up.And those things are also being lit by all our streetlights,by the moon,all this ambient light.And on top of that,when that visible radiation bounces off those molecules—it scatters in all directions.And,well,light from stars,even nearby in our own galaxy,doesn’t stand a chance against that…Basically the light bouncing off all these objects close to Earth is brighter than what’s coming from the stars.

Now,radio waves are electromagnetic radiation that we can’t see.Nearly all astronomical objects in space emit radio waves—whether nearby stars or objects in faraway galaxies—they all give off radio waves.And,unlike visible light waves,these radio waves can get through the various gases and dust in space,and through our own earth’s atmosphere comparatively easily.Male Student:OK,then we might as well give up on optical astronomy and go with radio astronomy…Male Professor:Well,the thing is,with radio astronomy you can’t just set up a telescope in your backyard and observe stars.One problem is that radio waves from these faraway objects,even though they can get through,are extremely faint.So we need to use radio telescopes specially designed to receive these waves,and then…well,we can use computers to create pictures based on the information we receive.Male Student:That sounds cool.So how do they do that?

Male Professor:Well,it’s kind of like the same way a satellite dish receives its signal,if you’re familiar with that.But radio telescopes are sometimes grouped together—it’s the same effect as having one really big telescope—to increase radio wave gathering power.And they use electronics,quite sophisticated…

Yeah,it’s neat how they do it,but-but for now why don’t we just stick with what we can learn from it?Uh,some very important discoveries have been made by this technology,especially if you consider that some objects in space give off radio waves,but don’t emit any light.We’d have trouble discovering those sorts of bodies,much less studying them,using just optical telescopes.

Female Student:Well,if the radio waves are so good at getting through the universe,what’s the problem?Male Professor:Well,answer this:how come people have to turn off their cell phones and electronic devices when an airplane is about to take off?Male Student:The phones interfere with the radio communication at the airport,right?Female Student:Oh,so our radio waves here,on Earth,interfere with the waves from space?Male Professor:Yes,signals from radios,cell phones,TV stations,remote controls—you name it.All these things cause interference.We don’t think about that as often as we think about light pollution.But all those electrical gadgets pollute the skies,just in a different way.

二、Difficulties in Astronomy托福聽力中文翻譯：

旁白：在天文學(xué)課上聽一節(jié)課的一部分。

男教授：那么，你們中有多少人見過天空中的牛奶路，牛奶路星系？你你有嗎？男學(xué)生：是的，我在露營。那天晚上沒有月亮。天非常黑。男教授：呃，還有其他人嗎？嗯，不太多……牛奶路是地球所在的星系，而我們大多數(shù)人從未見過它，這不是很奇怪嗎？現(xiàn)在這里有什么問題？女學(xué)生：光污染，對嗎？街燈之類的東西。

男教授：是的。尤其是非屏蔽路燈，你知道，那些不是朝下的……現(xiàn)在，這里有一個諷刺：我們現(xiàn)在所在的大樓，天文大樓，離我們的天文臺不遠(yuǎn)，有非屏蔽燈。

男學(xué)生：所以，這個問題相當(dāng)普遍……男教授：這基本上是無法控制的，就期望在城市附近的任何地方看到夜空而言……我的意思是，呃，我一生都住在這里，我從來沒有在城市范圍內(nèi)看到過銀河，我可能永遠(yuǎn)也不會看到……進(jìn)步是有代價的，對吧？但讓我們超越光污染來思考。這只是干擾天文學(xué)研究的一種技術(shù)進(jìn)步。

有誰能想到另一個嗎？不好吧，讓我們這樣看……我們不僅通過觀察恒星來獲取信息……在過去70年左右的時間里，我們還使用射電天文學(xué)，它讓我們研究來自天空的無線電波……男生：你怎么能觀察無線電波？我是說，從那件事上說說星星的事？男教授：嗯，在光學(xué)天文學(xué)中，我們使用望遠(yuǎn)鏡，通過可見光波觀察恒星……我們從地球上看到的實(shí)際上是來自恒星的電磁輻射，其中只有一部分是可見光。但這也有問題。

當(dāng)光波中的光子擊中大氣層中的物體時，水滴、氧和氮分子、塵埃粒子等這些物體被照亮，它們被點(diǎn)亮。這些東西也被我們所有的路燈，月亮，所有這些環(huán)境光照亮了。最重要的是，當(dāng)可見輻射從這些分子上反彈時，它會向各個方向散射。而且，好吧，來自恒星的光，即使在我們銀河系附近，也沒有機(jī)會反對……基本上，從所有這些靠近地球的物體上反彈的光比來自恒星的光更亮。

無線電波是我們看不見的電磁輻射。幾乎所有太空中的天體都會發(fā)射無線電波，無論是附近的恒星還是遙遠(yuǎn)星系中的天體，它們都會發(fā)射無線電波。而且，與可見光波不同，這些無線電波可以通過太空中的各種氣體和塵埃，并相對容易地通過我們自己的地球大氣層。男學(xué)生：好吧，那么我們還是放棄光學(xué)天文學(xué)，轉(zhuǎn)而學(xué)習(xí)射電天文學(xué)吧……男教授：好吧，問題是，射電天文學(xué)不能只在后院安裝望遠(yuǎn)鏡，觀察恒星。一個問題是，來自這些遙遠(yuǎn)物體的無線電波，即使可以穿透，也極其微弱。因此，我們需要使用專門設(shè)計(jì)的射電望遠(yuǎn)鏡來接收這些波，然后……嗯，我們可以使用計(jì)算機(jī)根據(jù)我們接收到的信息來創(chuàng)建圖片。男學(xué)生：聽起來很酷。那么他們是怎么做到的呢？

男教授：如果你熟悉的話，這有點(diǎn)像衛(wèi)星天線接收信號的方式。但射電望遠(yuǎn)鏡有時會組合在一起，這與使用一個真正的大望遠(yuǎn)鏡來提高無線電波收集能力的效果是一樣的。他們使用電子設(shè)備，非常復(fù)雜…

是的，他們的做法很好，但現(xiàn)在我們?yōu)槭裁床粓?jiān)持從中學(xué)到什么呢？呃，這項(xiàng)技術(shù)已經(jīng)取得了一些非常重要的發(fā)現(xiàn)，特別是如果你考慮到太空中的一些物體會發(fā)出無線電波，但不會發(fā)出任何光。如果僅僅使用光學(xué)望遠(yuǎn)鏡，我們很難發(fā)現(xiàn)這些天體，更不用說研究它們了。

女學(xué)生：好吧，如果無線電波很擅長穿越宇宙，那有什么問題？男教授：那么，回答這個問題：當(dāng)飛機(jī)即將起飛時，人們?yōu)槭裁匆P(guān)掉手機(jī)和電子設(shè)備？男生：電話干擾了機(jī)場的無線電通信，對嗎？女生：哦，那么我們地球上的無線電波干擾了來自太空的電波？男教授：是的，從收音機(jī)、手機(jī)、電視臺、遙控器發(fā)出的信號你都能說出。所有這些都會造成干擾。我們不會像考慮光污染那樣經(jīng)?？紤]這個問題。但所有這些電子設(shè)備都以不同的方式污染了天空。

三、Difficulties in Astronomy托福聽力問題：

Q1:1.What is the lecture mainly about?

A.Recent advances in technology used by astronomers

B.How radio astronomy has led to advances in communication technology

C.Important discoveries made by radio astronomers

D.Difficulties astronomers have in observing the universe

Q2:2.What is the professor's attitude about light pollution in cities?

A.He feels that it should be carefully regulated.

B.He believes it is unfortunate.

C.He thinks astronomers have not done enough to address the issue.

D.He believes that the severity of the problem is often exaggerated.

Q3:3.According to the professor,why are radio waves particularly useful for astronomical observations?[Click on 2 answers.]

A.Some astronomical bodies emit radio waves but not visible light.

B.Radio waves provide more information about star composition than visible light waves do.

C.Radio waves can be detected with simple equipment.

D.Radio waves can pass through particles in space.

Q4:4.What does the professor imply is an advantage of optical astronomy over radio astronomy?

A.It allows for more precise observations.

B.It is better for making observations within our own galaxy.

C.It requires less sophisticated equipment.

D.It is not affected by the weather.

Q5:5.According to the professor,why do radio astronomers sometimes have difficulty studying very distant objects?[Click on 2 answers.]

A.Signals from closer objects interfere with radio waves from space.

B.Particles in the atmosphere change the direction of radio waves.

C.Radio waves from space are not very strong.

D.Light waves from sources on Earth alter radio waves from distant objects.

Q6:6.What does the professor mean when he says this:

A.He wants to emphasize the progress that has been made in radio astronomy.

B.He thinks radio astronomy and optical astronomy both provide valuable information.

C.He does not want to spend time discussing the technology of radio telescopes.

D.He would like the students to give examples of discoveries made with radio telescopes.

四、Difficulties in Astronomy托福聽力答案：

A1:正確答案：D

A2:正確答案：B

A3:正確答案：AD

A4:正確答案：C

A5:正確答案：AC

A6:正確答案：C

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