托福真題閱讀長難句怎樣練習(xí)

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托福閱讀長難句怎樣練習(xí)

先見森林，后見樹木

“森林”代表的是一句話的“結(jié)構(gòu)”，“先見森林”即考生首先應(yīng)該關(guān)注的是該句話最核心的主干;“樹木”代表的是一句話具體的“詞匯”，“后見樹木”指考生應(yīng)該在了解主干之后才關(guān)注詞匯，并且只是一些key words.

<1>因果結(jié)構(gòu)

例題1 (OG: Desert Formation)：

The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.

10. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A. Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.

B. Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread over large areas of land.

C. The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.

D. Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.

解題步驟：

1. 觀察題干，發(fā)現(xiàn)表示隱形因果的短語result from

2. 瀏覽選項(xiàng)，發(fā)現(xiàn)A和B選項(xiàng)含有因果關(guān)系

3. 分析原句：原句中“因”：1). 大量受到影響的土地vast areas of land; 2). 大量受到影響的人口tremendous numbers of people;3).很難去減慢或者顛覆沙漠化過程reverse or slow the process; 原句中“果”：沙漠化是一個嚴(yán)重serious的問題;分析A選項(xiàng)：“因”：1). reverse process; 2). affect large areas of land; 3). affect great numbers of people; “果”：沙漠化是一個significant的問題

<2>讓步轉(zhuǎn)折結(jié)構(gòu)

例題2 (官方真題Official 17: Animal Signals in the Rain Forest)：

In the green-to yellow lighting conditions of the lowest levels of the forest, yellow and green would be the brightest colors, but when an animal is signaling, these colors would not be very visible if the animal was sitting in an area with a yellowish or greenish background.

7. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A. When an animal is signaling in an area with green-to yellow lighting condition, its signal will not be visible if the background is brightly lit.

B. In the lowest levels of the forest, an animal's signals are not easily seen unless there is a yellowish or greenish background.

C. In the green-to-yellow lighting conditions at the lowest levels of the forest, only signals that are themselves green or yellow will be bright enough to be seen in most areas.

D. Although green and yellow would be the brightest colors near the forest floor,these colors would make poor signals whenever the forest background was also in the green-to-yellow range.

解題步驟：

1. 分析題干，發(fā)現(xiàn)表轉(zhuǎn)折的邏輯關(guān)系詞but; 前半句“yellow and green會是最亮的顏色在低層森林中”;后半句“但是如果動物所處的background是yellow or greenish, 那么動物發(fā)出該種顏色的信號將不明顯”

2. 分析選項(xiàng)：只有D選項(xiàng)含有表讓步轉(zhuǎn)折的邏輯詞although,進(jìn)而分析句意：前半句：“雖然green and yellow在森林底層顏色最亮”;后半句：“在環(huán)境也是green to yellow的情況下，這些顏色將是poor signals”

3. 原句與選項(xiàng)在句子的結(jié)構(gòu)上符合：轉(zhuǎn)折結(jié)構(gòu);在語義上符合：lowest level of the forest = forest floor, Not very visible = poor signals

<3>比較結(jié)構(gòu)

例題3 (官方真題Official 17: Animal Signals in the Rain Forest)：

In the second case, pollinators (insects, birds) obtain food from the flowering plant, and the plant has its pollen distributed and seeds dispersed much more efficiently than they would be if they were carried by the wind only.

9. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A. The relationship between flowering plants and pollinators provides pollinators with food and flowers with efficient reproduction.

B. In some cases birds obtain food from the seeds that are dispersed in the wind.

C. The wind not only helps the flowers distribute their seeds but enables birds to find more food.

D. Animals and insects are more effective in distributing pollen and seeds than the wind.

解題步驟：

1. 分析原句，原句主要講pollinator (insects & birds); plant; wind這三者之間的關(guān)系：具體來看是在比較對于plant來說，pollinator(insects & birds)要比windmore efficiently地幫助其distribute pollen and disperse seeds, 屬于典型的比較關(guān)系

2. 分析選項(xiàng)，首先只有D選項(xiàng)含有比較關(guān)系，具體來看：animals & insects要比windmore effectively地去distribute pollen and seeds

3. 原句與選項(xiàng)在句子的結(jié)構(gòu)上符合比較結(jié)構(gòu)，語義上符合

眾里尋他千百度，所考信息在一處

與句子簡化題中所考的長難句不同(主要考察考生是否能把握住句子的主干信息)，事實(shí)信息題的出題點(diǎn)針對的有可能只是該長難句的某一處細(xì)節(jié)信息。因此，考生針對這兩種不同的題型，解讀長難句的視角也應(yīng)該有所不同。

例題1(OG: Desert Formation)：

These regions are especially likely to have periods of severe dryness, so that crop failures are common. Since the raising of most crops necessitates the prior removal of the natural vegetation, crop failures leave extensive tracts of land devoid of a plant cover and susceptible to wind and water erosion.

6. According to paragraph 6, which of the following is often associated with raising crops?

A. Lack of proper irrigation techniques

B. Failure to plant crops suited to the particular area

C. Removal of the original vegetation

D. Excessive use of dried animal waste

解題步驟：

1. 讀題干，找出定位詞raising crops

2. 回原文進(jìn)行定位，定位到本段第二句since…

3. 分析定位句：“原因狀語從句 + 主句”，瀏覽選項(xiàng)，只有C選項(xiàng)與原句的前半部分意思一致，同義轉(zhuǎn)換部分：natural vegetation = original vegetation

托福閱讀長難句備考要點(diǎn)

找到語法突破點(diǎn)

例句：Only when it has been chewed up and digested almost to a liquid can the food pass through the rumen and on through the gut.(只有食物被嚼碎并消化為液態(tài)，食物才能穿過反芻胃到達(dá)肚子。)

有效理解語法本質(zhì)，便于我們從戰(zhàn)略上確定句子是否會成為考點(diǎn)以及我們的理解重點(diǎn)。在這句例句中。含有倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，在強(qiáng)調(diào)“when it has been chewed up and digested almost to liquid”這一動物消化的必需條件，使整個句子理解的重點(diǎn)。

學(xué)會精簡長句

例句：On rare occasion when a fine piece of sculpture was desired， Americans turned to foreign sculptors， as in the 1770’s when the cities of New York and Charleston， South Carolina， commissioned the Englishman Joseph Wilton to make marble statues of William Pitt. (在零星的某些需要精美雕塑品的時(shí)候，美國人會轉(zhuǎn)而求助外國雕刻藝術(shù)家，比如在1770年紐約市和南卡羅來納的查理斯頓市就委托了英國人J.W.制作了掌權(quán)者William Pitt的大理石雕像。)

在在這樣的例句中，如果對其逐字逐句的翻譯，肯定會耽誤了不少時(shí)間，同時(shí)也未必能找到重點(diǎn)。但是，我們只要都能找到文章中的重點(diǎn)部分，提煉句子主干，就能快速立即其意。其大意也就是：美國人請外國雕刻藝術(shù)家?guī)兔Α?/p>

托福閱讀長難句備考注意事項(xiàng)

訓(xùn)練閱讀長難句應(yīng)少看多做。

如今市面上專門用來訓(xùn)練大家應(yīng)對長難句技巧的教材并不少，同學(xué)們?yōu)榱烁愣ㄩL難句問題也常會使用這些教材來進(jìn)行訓(xùn)練，但在實(shí)際訓(xùn)練過程中，大家往往會犯的一個錯誤就是看得太多而練得太少。

很多同學(xué)可能會覺得這些教材講的東西似乎也不難，看看里面的實(shí)例結(jié)構(gòu)分析以后就算是長難句好像也沒那么復(fù)雜難懂了。

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