托福閱讀指代題代詞有哪些

現(xiàn)在留學(xué)的學(xué)生越來(lái)越多，留學(xué)可以開(kāi)闊眼界，也能學(xué)習(xí)不一樣的教育體制，而且國(guó)外名校眾多，教育水平也一流。下面小編就來(lái)和大家說(shuō)說(shuō)“托福閱讀指代題代詞有哪些”這個(gè)問(wèn)題

托福 閱讀指代題代詞有哪些

托福閱讀考試中指代題是不可忽視的一大題型，雖然考的是代詞，卻暗含著對(duì)指代關(guān)系、語(yǔ)篇邏輯的深層考察，并非單純?cè)~匯層面的考察。通常的提問(wèn)形式體現(xiàn)為“The word they/their/it/its/some in the passage refers to______”，然后給出四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，這四個(gè)詞通常都是原文中出現(xiàn)過(guò)的生詞，并且往往都是在they/their/it/its/some這幾個(gè)詞的附近，需要考生經(jīng)過(guò)嚴(yán)密思考推測(cè)，選出一個(gè)既符合行文邏輯又符合上下文意思的選項(xiàng)。

那么我們?nèi)绾蚊鞔_判斷代詞所指代的對(duì)應(yīng)內(nèi)容呢?我們可以根據(jù)代詞的不同類(lèi)別，把指代題分成四大類(lèi)型：人稱(chēng)代詞類(lèi)、指示代詞類(lèi)、關(guān)系代詞類(lèi)和不定代詞類(lèi)。然后就可以根據(jù)不同類(lèi)別的代詞特征一一解答了。下面我們來(lái)具體看一下四大類(lèi)代詞的特征及輔助解答托福閱讀指代題的策略。

第一類(lèi)，人稱(chēng)代詞

人稱(chēng)代詞主要包括：I，you，he，she，it，we，they，me，him，them，yours，his，her，its，their等。此類(lèi)題型應(yīng)在做題時(shí)根據(jù)代詞的單復(fù)數(shù)及其所能指代的名詞來(lái)判斷，通常是往前找最近的核心名詞。

例如：

“An auction is a popular way of buying and selling. It is a useful way of deciding the value of things?！?/p>

The word It in the passage refers to __________。

A. theory B. price

C. process D. auction

往前追溯單數(shù)形式的核心名詞，并且能用在第二句的主語(yǔ)位置的詞，就只能是第一句中出現(xiàn)的auction一詞了，所以正確答案選D。

第二類(lèi)，指示代詞

指示代詞主要包括this, that, these, those等。在這種句子中，this和that通常指代某個(gè)觀點(diǎn)事物或現(xiàn)象，而these和those通常指復(fù)數(shù)形式下的某些觀點(diǎn)事物或意見(jiàn)，并且該類(lèi)題也遵循往前找的原則。

例如：

“The dragon also has large claws that are used when it is younger. It uses these to climb trees to escape from the jaws of older dragons. But when they get older， these claws are used mainly as weapons?！?/p>

The word these in the passage refers to __________。

A. claws B. trees

C. jaws D. weapons

該題中的these一定是指之前已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)過(guò)的名詞，所以現(xiàn)在才能用代詞進(jìn)行指示，因此我們首先可通過(guò)往前追溯的原則進(jìn)行排出，B、C、D瞬間就都被排除了。再將A選項(xiàng)帶入原句驗(yàn)證，看邏輯和意思是否與句意相符，最終驗(yàn)證表明，答案正是A選項(xiàng)。

第三類(lèi)，關(guān)系代詞

主要包括which, that, who, whom等。在這種句子中，通常采用就近原則。尤其是由“， which”格式引導(dǎo)的從句，一般都是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，通常就是指該詞前面緊挨著的名詞。但需要注意的是，當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞前有插入語(yǔ)時(shí)，需要先去掉插入語(yǔ)，再使用就近原則。

例如：

“Scientists have been looking for energy sources to replace oil. They have studied wind，ethanol，and nuclear energy. They have also started to look at coal again. Coal，which is the cheapest energy source，is found in many parts of the world. However，it is dangerous to mine. It also pollutes the environment。”

The word which in the passage refers to __________。

A. nuclear energy B. ethanol

C. wind D. coal

一看詞句考察的是由which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，則毫不猶豫得把答案定位到which前的名詞“coal”上，所以一眼就能選出該題的正確答案D選項(xiàng)。

第四類(lèi)，不定代詞

主要包括some，any，every，each，none，some...others...，one...,another等。這類(lèi)代詞通常指的都是該詞前后與其關(guān)系最緊密的名詞主語(yǔ)，并且注意詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。

例如：

“Some studies show that one in eight plant species is threatened with extinction. It is estimated that 140000 species of plants are lost each year. Many of these lost plants could have been very useful in creating new drugs to combat disease?！?/p>

The word Many in the passage refers to __________。

A. studies B. plant species

C. lost plants D. new drugs

首先確定該題的“Many”所在句主語(yǔ)應(yīng)該是指“l(fā)ost plants”，并且“of”是表示所屬的關(guān)系，所以“Many”應(yīng)該是屬于“these lost plants”中的一部分，所以很顯然“Many”指的就應(yīng)該是“l(fā)ost plants”，因此答案選C。

需要注意的是這四大類(lèi)代詞只能大致涵蓋托福閱讀指代題中所涉及的大致類(lèi)型，要想全面把握托福閱讀指代題，我們還是需要把握好真題，結(jié)合解題技巧與策略進(jìn)行有針對(duì)性的練習(xí)與總結(jié)，循序漸進(jìn)提高托福閱讀水平與分?jǐn)?shù)。

托福閱讀指代題實(shí)例解析

托福閱讀中的指代題是出鏡率相當(dāng)高的題型之一，此外，在非托福的各種考試中，學(xué)生也常常會(huì)遇到類(lèi)似的指代題，所以掌握指代題的題型分類(lèi)和解題技巧對(duì)考學(xué)來(lái)說(shuō)都是非常重要技能。

例一： Stone carvers engraved their motifs of skulls and crossbones and other religious　icons of death into the gray slabs that we still see standing today in old burial grounds.　Some skilled craftspeople made intricately carved wooden ornamentations for furniture or　architectural decorations, while others caved wooden shop signs and ships' figureheads.　Although they often achieved expression and formal excellence in their generally primitive　style, they remained artisans skilled in the craft of carving and constituted a group distinctfrom what we normally think of as "sculptors" in today's use of the word.

The word "others" in line 6 refers to

(A) craftspeople

(B) decorations

(C) ornamentations

(D) shop signs

例二：Volcanic fire and glacial ice are natural enemies. Eruptions at glaciated volcanoes　typically destroy ice fields as they did in 1980 when 70 percent of Mount Saint Helens ice　cover was demolished. During long dormant intervals, glaciers gain the upper hand　cutting deeply into volcanic cones and eventually reducing them to rubble. Only rarely do　these competing forces of heat and cold operate in perfect balance to create a　phenomenon such as the steam caves at Mount Rainier National Park.

The word “they" in line 2 refers to

(A) fields

(B) intervals

(C) eruptions

(D) enemies

例三：When a bloodhound trails a human being, what does it actually smell? The human body, which consists of about 60 trillion living cells, sheds exposed skin at a rate of 50　million cells a day. So even a trail that has been dispersed by breezes may still seem rich　to a bloodhound. The body also produces about 31 to 50 ounces of sweat a day. Neither　　this fluid nor the shed skin cells have much odor by themselves, but the bacteria working　on both substances is another matter.

In line 7, the word "it" refers to

(A) bloodhound

(B) human being

(C) smell

(D) body

托福閱讀修辭目的題實(shí)例解析

托福閱讀修辭目的題例題

例題：

Paragraph 3: The first wells were drilled into the Ogallala during the drought years of the early 1930’s. The ensuing rapid expansion of irrigation agriculture, especially from the 1950’s onward, transformed the economy of the region. More than 100,000 wells now tap the Ogallala. Modern irrigation devices, each capable of spraying 4.5 million liters of water a day, have produced a landscape dominated by geometric patterns of circular green islands of crops. Ogallala water has enabled the High Plains region to supply significant amounts of the cotton, sorghum, wheat, and corn grown in the United States. In addition, 40 percent of American grain-fed beef cattle are fattened here.

Q:In paragraph 3, why does the author provide the information that 40 percent of American cattle are fattened in the High Plains?

A:To suggest that crop cultivation is not the most important part of the economy of the High Plains

To indicate that not all economic activity in the High Plains is dependent on irrigation

To provide another example of how water from the Ogallala has transformed the economy of the High Plains

To contrast cattle-fattening practices in the High Plains with those used in other region of the United States

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