托福閱讀修辭目的題

托福閱讀修辭目的題，相信這個(gè)問題是許多正在準(zhǔn)備留學(xué)的同學(xué)關(guān)心的一個(gè)問題，那么下面小編就來(lái)和大家說(shuō)一說(shuō)，感興趣的您趕緊往下了解吧。

托福 閱讀修辭目的題

修辭目的題已經(jīng)做為托福必考題型，修辭目的題每篇文章考0-2題。小編分析認(rèn)為，它主要考查考生們理解作者為什么在文章中某個(gè)特別位置或者以某種特殊的方式陳述一個(gè)特別的信息。托福閱讀的修辭目的題怎么攻克呢?

1)有時(shí)要求學(xué)生確定一個(gè)段落與另一個(gè)段落之間的聯(lián)系

2)有時(shí)考查作者提到某一條特別信息的原因(句子之間的聯(lián)系)

注意：此類題目不考查整篇文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，只考查句子或段落之間的邏輯關(guān)系。

問題形式

The author discusses X in paragraph 2 in order to…

Why does the author mention X?

The author uses X as an example of…

答題技巧

修辭目的題一般可分為以下幾類：

一、例子題

例子題一般占修辭目的題出題機(jī)會(huì)的70%, 題干中出現(xiàn)的X本身是段落中出現(xiàn)的一個(gè)例子，這類題是送分題，因?yàn)橐词窍扰e例子后總結(jié)/概述(理論)，要么是先概述(理論)后舉例子，所以答案多半是繞過例子看概述，而概述的改寫就是本題答案的所在，也就是說(shuō)哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容和概述的內(nèi)容一致就是答案。因此考生也可以用排除法選答案。

如：OG Title: ARTISANS AND INDUSTRIALIZATION

Paragraph 4

The first generation to experience these changes did not adopt the new attitudes easily. The factory clock became the symbol of the new work rules. One mill worker who finally quit complained revealingly about “obedience to the ding-dong of the bell——just as though we are so many living machines.” With the loss of personal freedom also came the loss of standing in the community…

4. In paragraph 4, the author includes the quotation from a mill worker in order to

○ support the idea that it was difficult for workers to adjust to working in factories

○ to show that workers sometimes quit because of the loud noise made by factory machinery

○ argue that clocks did not have a useful function in factories

○ emphasize that factories were most successful when workers revealed their complaints

分析：此題中我們根據(jù)mill worker定位，能定位到原文對(duì)應(yīng)內(nèi)容為One mill worker who finally quit complained revealingly about “obedience to the ding-dong of the bell——just as though we are so many living machines”, 繞過例子讀理論，理論“The first generation to experience these changes did not adopt the new attitudes easily. The factory clock became the symbol of the new work rules.”在例子前面，根據(jù)此理論，我們即可以選出正確答案為個(gè)選項(xiàng)。

如：OG Title: AGGRESSION

Paragraph 5

The Psychodynamic Approach. Theorists adopting the psychodynamic approach hold that inner conflicts are crucial for understanding human behavior, including … The Freudian perspective, in a sense, see us as “steam engines.” By holding in rather than venting “steam,” we set the stage for future explosions. Pent-up aggressive impulses demand outlets. They may be expressed toward parents in indirect ways…

7. Freud describes people as steam engines in order to make the point that people

○ deliberately build up their aggression to make themselves stronger

○ usually release aggression in explosive ways

○ must vent their aggression to prevent it from building up

○ typically lose their aggression if they do not express it.

分析：此題中，我們根據(jù)Freud和steam engines定位，原文對(duì)應(yīng)內(nèi)容為The Freudian perspective, in a sense, see us as “steam engines.” 繞過此例子，定位理論，原文中理論“By holding in rather than venting “steam,” we set the stage for future explosions.”在例子之后，根據(jù)此例子，我們可以確定答案為第三個(gè)選項(xiàng)。

如：OG Title: EARLY CINEMA

Paragraph 2

These Kinetoscope arcades were modeled on phonograph parlors, which had proven successful for Edison several years earlier. In the phonograph parlors, customers listened to recordings through individual ear tubes, moving from one machine to the next to hear different recorded speeches or pieces of music. The kinetoscopes functioned in a similar way…

2. The author discusses phonograph parlors in paragraph 2 in order to

○ explain Edison’s financial success

○ describe the model used to design Kinetoscope parlors

○ contrast their popularity to that of Kinetoscope parlors

○ illustrate how much more technologically advanced Kinetoscope parlors were

分析：此題中，我們根據(jù)phonograph parlors定位，原文對(duì)應(yīng)內(nèi)容為These Kinetoscope arcades were modeled on phonograph parlors, which had proven successful for Edison several years earlier. In the phonograph parlors, customers listened to recordings through individual ear tubes, moving from one machine to the next to hear different recorded speeches or pieces of music. 繞過此例子，定位理論，原文中理論“The kinetoscopes functioned in a similar way…”在例子之后，根據(jù)此例子，我們可以確定答案為第二個(gè)選項(xiàng)。

托福閱讀修辭目的題解法

看到標(biāo)題，有些同學(xué)的問題就來(lái)了。在托福閱讀中，什么是修辭目的題?修辭目的題該如何解決呢?今天，小編就帶大家來(lái)復(fù)習(xí)一下這些托福閱讀的知識(shí)點(diǎn)。

本質(zhì)上講：對(duì)作者意圖的提問

形式上講：

Why does the author mention/discuss …?

The author mentions/discusses … in order to ______.

The author uses … as an example of_____.

等等

做這類題目時(shí)有些同學(xué)往往會(huì)出現(xiàn)黑人問號(hào)，我怎么知道作者怎么想的!

其實(shí)，這類題目和托福其他題目一樣，都是有套路的。至少，托福閱讀里的修辭目的題是不會(huì)要求考生們對(duì)鍋里的魚眼里“詭異的光”進(jìn)行理解的。

言歸正傳，那么做這類題目的套路究竟是什么呢?

首先我們要知道托福文章結(jié)構(gòu)有一個(gè)規(guī)律，就是claim(觀點(diǎn))+detail(s)，換句話說(shuō)就是給出一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，然后用一個(gè)或者若干個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)或者例子來(lái)支撐前面的觀點(diǎn)。

不論是從文章整體架構(gòu)，段落結(jié)構(gòu)，還是更微觀的行文結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)看，一般來(lái)說(shuō)這個(gè)規(guī)律都成立。而修辭目的題實(shí)質(zhì)上就是出題人把一個(gè)detail拎出來(lái)問你，作者為什么要提到這個(gè)detail。到這里，問題的關(guān)鍵就變成了找到這個(gè)detail對(duì)應(yīng)的claim究竟在哪里。

最簡(jiǎn)單的模型就是，claim后面就一個(gè)detail支撐，這種情況下，自然detail前面緊挨著的那句話就是作者的觀點(diǎn)，即提到這個(gè)detail的目的是為了說(shuō)明前面的這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。

然而有時(shí)候，作者會(huì)用不止一個(gè)detail來(lái)支撐最前面的claim，模型視圖如下

Claim+ detail 1 + detail 2 + detail 3

這種時(shí)候，如果出題人把detail 3拎出來(lái)問你它的目的，顯然答案就不是為了支持緊挨著它的前面那句話了，而應(yīng)該是遙相支持前面的前面的前面的那個(gè)claim。

根據(jù)以上原理，我們總結(jié)出了一個(gè)做題步驟，幫助大家高效地找到這個(gè)claim。

簡(jiǎn)言之，

1. 找出題目中的關(guān)鍵詞

2. 用關(guān)鍵詞定位原文

3. 按照原句 -- 前面1~2句 -- 段落第一句的順序找到claim

4. 根據(jù)原文claim找到對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)

可以看出，步驟1和2是在文章中找到題目里提到的detail的位置，當(dāng)然，如果文中已經(jīng)給你highligh出來(lái)了的話這兩個(gè)步驟就省掉了

而步驟3才是在找claim

下面，我們來(lái)進(jìn)行一個(gè)實(shí)操應(yīng)用：

In paragraph 1, what is the author's purpose in providing examples of how organisms are destroyed?

○To emphasize how surprising it is that so many fossils exist

○To introduce a new geologic theory of fossil preservation

○To explain why the fossil record until now has remained incomplete

○To compare how fossils form on land and in water

很明顯，這道題需要我們自己去找到detail的位置，所以我們要從第1個(gè)步驟開始做起：找出題目中的關(guān)鍵詞

examples of how organisms are destroyed(生物被摧毀的例子)

第2步，我們要拿著關(guān)鍵詞到段落里面去找detail對(duì)應(yīng)的原句，即哪里有提到生物被摧毀的例子

Paragraph 1: When one considers the many ways by which organisms are completely destroyed after death, it is remarkable that fossils are as common as they are. Attack by scavengers and bacteria, chemical decay, and destruction by erosion and other geologic agencies make the odds against preservation very high. However, the chances of escaping complete destruction are vastly improved if the organism happens to have a mineralized skeleton and dies in a place where it can be quickly buried by sediment. Both of these conditions are often found on the ocean floors, where shelled invertebrates (organisms without spines) flourish and are covered by the continuous rain of sedimentary particles. Although most fossils are found in marine sedimentary rocks, they also are found in terrestrial deposits left by streams and lakes. On occasion, animals and plants have been preserved after becoming immersed in tar or quicksand, trapped in ice or lava flows, or engulfed by rapid falls of volcanic ash.

我們看下來(lái)后會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)有且僅有紅色部分是一些摧毀生物的具體例子，清道夫、細(xì)菌、化學(xué)侵蝕等等，至此我們完成了第2步，定位出了detail對(duì)應(yīng)的原句。

第3步，到這句話的前面找它對(duì)應(yīng)的claim，這道題里，它前面只有一句話，那讓我們來(lái)驗(yàn)證一下這是不是這個(gè)detail所支撐的觀點(diǎn)呢?

When one considers the many ways by which organisms are completely destroyed after death, it is remarkable that fossils are as common as they are.

(當(dāng)一個(gè)人知道生物死后會(huì)被如此多的方式所完全分解毀滅，那他就會(huì)感嘆世界上化石如此普遍有多不可思議)

看起來(lái)邏輯上可以成為生物被摧毀的例子所支撐的對(duì)象吧

那我們現(xiàn)在來(lái)做第4步，根據(jù)找出來(lái)的claim去選出最接近的選項(xiàng)

In paragraph 1, what is the author's purpose in providing examples of how organisms are destroyed?

○To emphasize how surprising it is that so many fossils exist

○To introduce a new geologic theory of fossil preservation

○To explain why the fossil record until now has remained incomplete

○To compare how fossils form on land and in water

選項(xiàng)1是不是就是我們找出來(lái)的claim的同義復(fù)述呀?答案就是它了!

All in all，只要把握好題型背后的原理，媽媽再也不用擔(dān)心你做不好修辭目的題了!

托福閱讀高分的必備技能

托福閱讀考試中，文章的題材類型比較多樣化，涉及的領(lǐng)域也比較多。因此大家在平時(shí)IDE復(fù)習(xí)中，不僅僅需要掌握相關(guān)的背景知識(shí)，同時(shí)還要掌握一些必備的技能，這樣才能夠輔助我們更好地完成閱讀部分的備考。

1、信息定位能力

練習(xí)快速掃描，在文章或段落中定位并查找重要的事實(shí)和信息，包括主題信息、概念名稱、日期、地點(diǎn)和數(shù)字等。經(jīng)常反復(fù)地練習(xí)，可以提高閱讀的速度和流利程度。

2、速讀理解能力

1) 在掌握語(yǔ)法知識(shí)(如：語(yǔ)句結(jié)構(gòu)、代詞等)以后，應(yīng)采用各種手段，努力擴(kuò)大詞匯量，掃除閱讀中存在的生字障礙。

2) 練習(xí)速讀，訓(xùn)練通過快速瀏覽而非逐句細(xì)讀發(fā)現(xiàn)文章主旨的能力。托福閱讀考試的選材，從文體角度看，大多是說(shuō)明體和議論體的正式書面語(yǔ)文章。其語(yǔ)篇模式一般為導(dǎo)言、主題、支撐、結(jié)論四部分，并且每一段落的開頭?？砂l(fā)現(xiàn)主題句。根據(jù)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)篇的上述特點(diǎn)，閱讀時(shí)注意文章的首尾段落以及每一段落的開始一、二句話，常有助于迅速發(fā)現(xiàn)所讀內(nèi)容的主旨。同時(shí)，注意語(yǔ)篇中一些具有語(yǔ)義提示作用的信息詞和短語(yǔ)(見漫談六)，對(duì)于重要信息的快速查找和定位也是有幫助的。

3)還可以根據(jù)托?？荚嚨念}型有針對(duì)性地進(jìn)行一些練習(xí)，包括就文章中出現(xiàn)的代詞(he, they, that, these, it, one, others等)，找出它們所指代的名詞;根據(jù)文章提供的信息，練習(xí)推理、預(yù)測(cè)和歸納結(jié)論的能力;選擇閱讀中遇到的生字，根據(jù)前后語(yǔ)句所提供的上下文線索猜測(cè)字義，例如：

Everyone faces times when one goal or another has to come first; deciding which goals are most important is setting priorities.(根據(jù)語(yǔ)句結(jié)構(gòu)，劃線單字的意義由is提示是指the most important goals)

A skyscraper, or building more than twenty stories high, is built on a foundation of concrete supported by piles driven into the ground.(句中or在這里表示“或者說(shuō)”，提示劃線單字的意義為building more than twenty stories high)

Unlike her gregarious sister, Jane is a shy, unsociable person who does not like to go to parties or to make new friends. (從Unlike所表示的對(duì)照關(guān)系，可以確定劃線單字的意義正是shy, unsociable的反面，即sociable, friendly)

In spite of the fact that the beautiful egret is in danger of dying out completely, many clothing manufacturers still offer handsome prices for their long, elegant tail feathers, which are used as decorations on ladies’ hats.(從全句的意思，特別是描述其特征的feathers等詞，可判斷劃線單字是指a type of bird)

3、研讀整理能力

1) 訓(xùn)練閱讀除需要培養(yǎng)理解文章含義和增強(qiáng)查找信息的能力外，還應(yīng)適當(dāng)注意所讀材料的組織結(jié)構(gòu)及寫作手法，例如：該文章的組織方式可能是比較對(duì)照、分類、因果等，某個(gè)例子在闡述過程中有何作用。這有助于理解把握文章內(nèi)涵和歸納概括內(nèi)容提要。

2)練習(xí)概括提要，區(qū)分主要與次要內(nèi)容。對(duì)于描述過程的文章，可練習(xí)按順序總結(jié)步驟，寫出提要。若文章涉及信息分類，可嘗試制作圖表并將相關(guān)內(nèi)容分類排列。雖然新托福考試并不要求自己設(shè)計(jì)分類圖表，但這項(xiàng)練習(xí)有助于加強(qiáng)信息整理的意識(shí)，可以幫助考生更快適應(yīng)此類題型。見下例：

Scholars’ opinion about why L. cave dwellers hid their art(學(xué)者關(guān)于L.洞居民為何藏匿其藝術(shù)發(fā)表的觀點(diǎn)) Reasons to substantiate this opinion (證實(shí)此觀點(diǎn)的理由) Reasons to disprove this opinion

(反證此觀點(diǎn)的理由)

3) 根據(jù)提要或圖表對(duì)閱讀內(nèi)容進(jìn)行口頭或書面的總結(jié)概述，以配合口語(yǔ)和寫作部分綜合型考題的需要。

4) 選取句子或段落練習(xí)釋義解述(paraphrase)。一方面，閱讀測(cè)試包含考查對(duì)解述語(yǔ)句的辨識(shí)能力;此外，在口語(yǔ)和寫作部分的綜合型考題中也需要運(yùn)用此項(xiàng)技能。

托福閱讀推理題解析

在托福閱讀考試題型中，推理題也是的考試的題型之一。由于托福也讀考試的題型種類比較多，因此大家針對(duì)不同的題型，也需要掌握相應(yīng)的解題技巧。本篇文章為大家整理了關(guān)于托福閱讀推理題的解析。

一、 推理的奧秘

我們都知道，推理判斷題的題目特征就是infer, imply, indicate, suggest等有“暗含”“隱喻”的詞，那么針對(duì)于推理判斷題，我們是不是一定要進(jìn)行復(fù)雜而縝密的卷福式的“推理”呢?當(dāng)然不會(huì)啦，請(qǐng)同學(xué)們記住，ETS是一個(gè)常年累月都在絞盡腦汁的維持自己題目難度保持一致的機(jī)構(gòu)。這也是為什么不論我們參加當(dāng)年哪一場(chǎng)的托?？荚?，學(xué)校對(duì)于分?jǐn)?shù)的要求都沒有任何波動(dòng)的原因。所以針對(duì)托福當(dāng)中的任何題型難度也是驚人的萬(wàn)年不變。所以，推理題的答案要以和原文一致為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，并且考試中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)“推理而不推”的情況， 來(lái)說(shuō)就是原文直接對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)，沒有什么改變的“不推的推理題”的情況。

比如例題：(TPO34-P2-Q1)

What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about Britain’s short supply of wood in the eighteenth century?

A Wood from Britain’s great forests was being exported to other countries for profit.

B A growing population had required cutting down forests to increase available land for farming.

C Larger families required the construction of larger homes made from wood.

D What was left of the great forests after the medieval period was being strictly protected.

根據(jù)題目對(duì)應(yīng)到第一句(切記當(dāng)題目中有about就拿about后面內(nèi)容回原文定位)，但信息過少于是看下一句Because of the growth of population, most of the great forests of medieval Britain had long ago been replaced by fields of grain and hay. 文中說(shuō)因?yàn)槿丝谠鲩L(zhǎng)，英國(guó)在中世紀(jì)時(shí)大部分森林已經(jīng)被農(nóng)田和牧草代替，因此木材更加缺乏，但是它卻一直都很重要。直接對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)B。由此可見這并沒有什么推理過程。

二、 固定路徑的推理

固定路徑的推理是我們考察內(nèi)容中非常重要的一點(diǎn)，要從題目和原文共同著手。而固定路徑推理又分為兩個(gè)部分：1.整體與部分，2.取反推理。

下面我們就分別來(lái)介紹

1. 整體與部分推理指的就是抽象和實(shí)際概念上的范圍推理。大范圍可以推導(dǎo)出對(duì)應(yīng)小范圍的內(nèi)容。比如“中國(guó)的陶瓷制品質(zhì)量非常好”可以推導(dǎo)出“江西瓷器質(zhì)量不錯(cuò)”因?yàn)橹袊?guó)是大范圍，江西是其中的小范圍，所以這是可以推導(dǎo)出來(lái)的。

比如例題：(OG-THE ORIGINS OF CETACEANS)

8. It can be inferred that Basilosaurus breed and gave birth in which of the following locations

A. On land

B. Both on land and at sea

C. In shallow water

D. In a marine environment

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