托福閱讀例題分析及答案

現(xiàn)在留學(xué)的學(xué)生越來越多，留學(xué)可以開闊眼界，也能學(xué)習(xí)不一樣的教育體制，而且國外名校眾多，教育水平也一流。下面小編就來和大家說說“托福閱讀例題分析及答案”這個問題

The answer to the question What types of long-term stability do ecosystems achieve? may be found in the passages consideration of the assembly rules that underlie the structure of plant communities. Plant communities are able to achieve long-term stability assemblages through a combination of structuring factors that create both environmental filtering and species sorting. Environmental filtering results from the spatial heterogeneity found within plant communities, which creates micro-environments that select for certain traits. For example, some shaded areas may be more moist, while others may be drier. Species sorting results from the plant species abilities to disperse and occupy different niches within the plant community. This process results in species becoming spatially separated, which reduces competition and increases stability.

The assembly rules that underlie the structure of plant communities are key to understanding long-term stability in ecosystems. The assembly rules dictate which species can occupy certain niches, and in turn influence the species richness and diversity of the plant community. A plant communitys species richness and diversity directly impact its ability to withstand environmental change. Plant communities with high species richness and diversity are more likely to have keystone species, which are essential to the health and function of the ecosystem. Keystone species play a particularly important role in maintaining ecosystem stability.

A plant communitys long-term stability also depends on its resiliency, or its ability to bounce back from environmental change or disturbance. Resilient plant communities are more likely to withstand perturbations, such as herbivore outbreaks or severe weather events, and are better able to recover once the disturbance has passed. Key factors influencing plant community resiliency include species richness and diversity, community evenness, and functional group diversity. Plant communities with high species richness and diversity are more likely to have keystone species, which are essential to the health and function of the ecosystem.

The answer to the question What are some factors that influence plant community assembly? may be found in the passages discussion of extrfloral nectaries. Extrfloral nectaries are structures located at the base of each sepal that attract several different species of ants. These ants provide protection to the plant by defending it from herbivores and competing plant species. In return for this protection, the plant provides the ants with nectar, which the ants collect and store in their underground chambers. These chambers serve as a source of water and food for the ants, as well as a refuge in case of emergency.

The extrfloral nectary example is used to demonstrate how plants can attract specific pollinators or herbivore controllers to increase the health and function of the ecosystem. This is turn助于 increase plant community assembly and long-term stability.

答案示例：

生態(tài)系統(tǒng)可以達(dá)到哪些類型的長期穩(wěn)定性？答：生態(tài)系統(tǒng)可以達(dá)到的環(huán)境過濾和物種分類的長期穩(wěn)定性。環(huán)境過濾產(chǎn)生于植物群落內(nèi)的空間異質(zhì)性，創(chuàng)造了選擇某些特征的微環(huán)境。例如，一些陰影區(qū)域可能更加潮濕，而其他區(qū)域可能更加干燥。物種分類是由植物物種傳播和占據(jù)植物群落中的不同生態(tài)位的能力產(chǎn)生的。這種過程導(dǎo)致物種空間分離，減少競爭，增加了穩(wěn)定性。

植物社區(qū)的穩(wěn)定性還取決于什么？答：植物社區(qū)的穩(wěn)定性還取決于其彈性，即從環(huán)境變化或干擾中恢復(fù)過來的能力。具有彈性的植物社區(qū)更能承受擾動，如食草動物爆發(fā)或嚴(yán)重天氣事件，并在干擾過去后更好地恢復(fù)。影響植物社區(qū)彈性的關(guān)鍵因素包括物種豐富度和多樣性、群落均勻度以及功能組多樣性。

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