托福詞匯學習(第2期)5分鐘幫你搞定學科詞匯——生物學
2024-07-04 16:25:46 來源:中國教育在線
中國教育在線小編為大家收集整理了托福詞匯學習【第2期】|5分鐘幫你搞定學科詞匯—— 生物學,那么接下來就跟著小編一起來看看,相信你通過以下的文章內(nèi)容就會有更深入的了解。
首先我們來了解一下到底什么是生物學(biology),the scientific study of the natural processes of living things.
(來源:https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/biology)
簡單翻譯一下就是一種研究生命體自然進程的科學。
而在托福的生物學文章中,其內(nèi)容通常會提及物種的起源(the origin of species)和進化(evolution),也會針對某個物種的行為去解釋原因,以及它們?nèi)绾芜m應環(huán)境(adapt the environment)、繁殖(reproduce)和自然選擇(natural selection)的。那我們就先來看看在生物這個大范圍下又具體細分為哪些吧。
首先地球上所有的生物都可以被分為植物群(flora)和動物群(fauna),上次植物學(botany)的文章,我們已經(jīng)介紹過植物相關的單詞啦,所以這次重點將會放在動物上面哦。
世界上的動物已知的就有超過百萬種,這么龐大的數(shù)量會給生物學家(biologist)的工作帶來很大的困難,這個時候就要引入分類學(taxonomy)的概念,給動物們分類,那按照分類的標準不同,我們來看看~
按照骨骼的性質(zhì)劃分:
Vertebrate / ?v?:rt?br?t / n脊椎動物
Invertebrate /?n ?v?:rt?br?t/ n無脊椎動物
(TPO7 reading passage1:One question was related to evidence that the invertebrate fauna (animals without spines) of the Mediterranean had changed abruptly about 6 million years ago.)
按照生活環(huán)境劃分:
Amphibian /m?f?bi?n/ n兩棲動物
(TPO40 reading passage3:In contrast to mammals and birds,amphibians are unable to produce thermal energy through their metabolic activity)
Aquatic /??kwt?k/ adj水生的
(TPO44 reading passage1:they had radiated into almost all availableaquatic habitats)
Terrestrial /t??restri?l/ adj陸地的;陸棲的;陸生的
(TPO44 reading passage1:One of the most significant evolutionary events that occurred on Earth was the transition of water-dwelling fish to terrestrial tetrapods.)
而如果要細分到某一種具體物種的分類,要經(jīng)過七層劃分
從下到上依次是:
Kingdom /?k??d?m/ n界
phylum /?fa?l?m/ n門
class /kls/ n綱
order /??:rd?(r)/ n目
family /?fm?li/ n科
genus /?d?i:n?s/ n屬
species /?spi:?i:z/ n種
而光知道一個模糊的分類概念,在托福的文章中是遠遠不夠的,因為通常都會涉及到某個具體的物種。要是不知道他們的意思,在閱讀或聽力中想要馬上把握文章描寫對象的詳細特點就會比較困難,那么接下來就是一波具體的物種單詞啦。
首先是昆蟲(insect)類:
Larva /?lɑ:rv?/ n幼蟲,幼體
Pest /pest/ n害蟲,害獸,害鳥
Worm /w?:rm/ n蠕蟲
兩棲動物amphibian:
Turtle /?t?:rtl/ n龜
Snake /sne?k/ n蛇
Toad /to?d/蟾蜍
(TPO25 listening lecture1: But the cane toad itself became a pest and has destroyed much of the wildlife on that continent.)
Lizard /?l?z?rd/n蜥蜴
(TPO21 listening lecture3: Probably back in some previous biology course you learned that snakes evolved from lizards)
Chameleon /k??mi:li?n/ n變色龍
Crocodile /?krɑ:kda?l/ n鱷魚
水生動物Aquatic animal:
Dolphin /?dɑ:lf?n/ n海豚
Whale /we?l/ n鯨魚
Shrimp /?r?mp/ n小蝦
Prawn /pr?:n/ n對蝦,大蝦,明蝦
Lobster /?lɑ:b st?(r)/ n龍蝦
Crab /krb/ n螃蟹
Clam /klm/ 蛤蜊,蚌
Coral /?k?:r?l; ?kɑ:r?l/ n珊瑚
(TPO27 listening lecture1: And theres another technique thats been experimented with to try to help coral reefs recover from bleaching.)
Seal /si:l/ n海豹
Octopus /?ɑ:kt?p?s/ n章魚
(TPO17 listening lecture4: The octopus is prey to many species, including humans, so how does it escape its predators?)
Otter /?ɑ:t?r/ n水獺
陸生動物Terrestrial animal:
Gorilla /g??r?l?/ n大猩猩
Chimpanzee /?t??mpn?zi:/ n黑猩猩
Baboon /b?bu:n/ n狒狒
Microbe /?ma?kro?b/ n微生物
(TPO53 reading passage2: High moisture and temperatures speed the growth of soil microbes that decompose organic compounds)
Bacteria /bk?t?ri?/ n細菌
Virus /?va?r?s/ n病毒
而在生物類的文章中,掌握了具體的描寫對象之后,我們還需要把握住它們干了些什么,這些行為帶來了什么樣的影響,下面就是一波關于生物行為的單詞啦,趕緊接??!
Subsist /s?b?s?st/ v存在,有效/維持度日
Exist /?g?z?st/ v存在,實際上有/生活,生存
Secrete /s??kri:t/ v分泌
(TPO17 reading passage3: The ants live in large, hollow thorns and eat sugar secreted by the tree.)
Assimilate /??s?m?le?t/ v消化,吸收
Breed /bri:d/ v交配,繁殖/喂養(yǎng)(注意過去式bred,過去分詞bred)
Proliferate /pr??l?f?re?t/ v迅速繁殖(或增殖);猛增
Propagate /?prɑ:p?ge?t/ v繁殖;增殖
(TPO9 reading passage3: These plants propagate by producing sporestiny fertilized cells that contain all the instructions for making a new plantbut the spore are unprotected by any outer coating and carry no supply of nutrient.)
Evolve /i?vɑ:lv/ n進化,演化
(TPO39 listening lecture4: Cows and goats have evolved highly specialized digestive systems that allow them to metabolize cellulose.)
Darwinism /?dɑ:r w?n?z?m/ n達爾文主義(查爾斯達爾文于 19 世紀創(chuàng)立的學說,認為生物通過自然選擇而進化)
Extinct /?k?st??kt/ adj已經(jīng)滅絕的
Extinction /?k?st??k?n/ n滅絕,滅種
那么最后還是一些相關的單詞:
Immune /??mju:n/ adj有免疫力的
(TPO17 reading passage3: In vertebrates, the immune system provides a multiple defense against internal parasites.)
Immunity /??mju:n?ti/ n免疫力
Metabolism /m??tb?l?z?m/ n新陳代謝
(TPO23 reading passage1: The city is an extraordinary processor of mass and energy and has its own metabolism)
Morphology /m?:r?fɑ:l?d?i/ n形態(tài)學
Microscope /?ma?kr?sko?p/ n顯微鏡
Calorie /?kl?ri/ n卡路里
Glucose /?glu:ko?s; ?glu:ko?z/ n葡萄糖
(TPO18 listening lecture4: In frogs, the extra glucose makes it harder for the winter inside the cells to freeze.
Protein /?pro?ti:n/ n蛋白質(zhì)
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