雅思口語(yǔ)發(fā)音,怎樣練習(xí)雅思口語(yǔ)的發(fā)音、語(yǔ)調(diào)

　　雅思口語(yǔ)發(fā)音,怎樣練習(xí)雅思口語(yǔ)的發(fā)音、語(yǔ)調(diào)？雅思口語(yǔ)考試美式發(fā)音還是英式反映如果考生的發(fā)音聽(tīng)上去就像一個(gè)美國(guó)人或者英國(guó)人在說(shuō)英文，不僅會(huì)讓考生的發(fā)音部分評(píng)分非常高，同時(shí)還會(huì)帶動(dòng)流利程度和連貫性的評(píng)分。所以同樣英文水平的兩個(gè)考生，發(fā)音好的和發(fā)音不好的差距在1～2分，甚至更大！一起來(lái)看：雅思口語(yǔ)發(fā)音,怎樣練習(xí)雅思口語(yǔ)的發(fā)音、語(yǔ)調(diào)？

　　一個(gè)考生如果發(fā)音非常好，即使有一些停頓，考官也會(huì)覺(jué)得是在積極思考，在用獨(dú)特的方式處理考官的問(wèn)題，而不會(huì)認(rèn)為考生在語(yǔ)言上有問(wèn)題。而且發(fā)音好的考生對(duì)于連讀和尾音輔音的輕度特點(diǎn)有極好的掌控能力，這樣一來(lái)，流利程度就大大提高了。一旦流利程度提高了，單位時(shí)間里面所說(shuō)的內(nèi)容就豐富，所體現(xiàn)的詞匯和語(yǔ)法也就具有多樣性了。從我口語(yǔ)教學(xué)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)來(lái)看，雅思口語(yǔ)考試分?jǐn)?shù)的高低很大一部分取決于發(fā)音的好壞。

　　“我在雅思口語(yǔ)考試中是講英式英語(yǔ)還是美式英語(yǔ)呢？”對(duì)于這樣的一個(gè)問(wèn)題，我會(huì)對(duì)大多數(shù)考生講，你在考試中說(shuō)的都是中式英語(yǔ)（Chinglish），或者我會(huì)對(duì)一個(gè)考生說(shuō)，你的英文帶中國(guó)口音（Chinese Accent）。很多中國(guó)考生想要在發(fā)音上模仿英式或者美式的英語(yǔ)口音，但是大多數(shù)人都失敗了。原因是什么呢？

　　第一個(gè)原因是沒(méi)有足夠的時(shí)間去聽(tīng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的美式或者英式英語(yǔ)。如果要把一種語(yǔ)言說(shuō)好或者是把一種英語(yǔ)口音練好，首先是要接受幾百甚至上千小時(shí)的聽(tīng)力特訓(xùn)。只有達(dá)到一定的聽(tīng)力訓(xùn)練的量，才能把自己的口音糾正過(guò)來(lái)，而且還只能是連續(xù)聽(tīng)同一種口音的，還不能泛聽(tīng)，不能把各種口音的英語(yǔ)混起來(lái)聽(tīng)，那樣做的話即使聽(tīng)?zhēng)啄昕谡Z(yǔ)的發(fā)音也不會(huì)有變化。所以要通過(guò)聽(tīng)力提高口語(yǔ)就是要盯著一種口音來(lái)聽(tīng)。比如同學(xué)喜歡CNN新聞主播的口音和語(yǔ)調(diào)。那就要天天聽(tīng)這個(gè)人的說(shuō)話，連續(xù)聽(tīng)?zhēng)讉€(gè)月，然后說(shuō)英語(yǔ)的時(shí)候腔調(diào)就跟他很像了。如果同學(xué)喜歡Nicole Kidman的澳大利亞口音，那就要天天看她主演的電影。三個(gè)月到半年以后，再說(shuō)英文的時(shí)候發(fā)音就跟她很像了。

　　第二個(gè)原因是沒(méi)有機(jī)會(huì)說(shuō)。很多中國(guó)考生在考試中發(fā)音很差是因?yàn)槠綍r(shí)幾乎沒(méi)有機(jī)會(huì)說(shuō)英文。很多同學(xué)會(huì)說(shuō)去English Corner或者English Club練習(xí)英文，但是大家忽視了很重要的一點(diǎn)，就是在很多英語(yǔ)角的活動(dòng)中都是中國(guó)人之間在說(shuō)英文，這樣一來(lái)，大家的發(fā)音并沒(méi)有變好，只是原本不好的發(fā)音變得熟練了。在這方面，美國(guó)的ETS給了大家一個(gè)很好的建議：“Join in the Internet Voice Chat.”

　　網(wǎng)絡(luò)聊天室是一個(gè)非常好的練習(xí)口語(yǔ)的途徑。大家可以用Google搜索相關(guān)的在美國(guó)或者英國(guó)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)聊天室，這樣就有很多機(jī)會(huì)跟在美國(guó)和英國(guó)的Native Speakers交流，對(duì)提高發(fā)音水平來(lái)說(shuō)有很大的幫助。有同學(xué)會(huì)問(wèn)：“要想說(shuō)話像一個(gè)美國(guó)人或者英國(guó)人我要注意什么呢？有沒(méi)有什么竅門(mén)呢？”在這里我給大家三個(gè)小竅門(mén)：?jiǎn)卧~重讀、句子語(yǔ)調(diào)和句子節(jié)奏。

　　首先來(lái)看單詞重讀。對(duì)某些要強(qiáng)調(diào)的單詞重讀可以提高考生的發(fā)音特點(diǎn)，逐漸向英語(yǔ)為母語(yǔ)的人靠攏。下面來(lái)看一個(gè)美國(guó)人寫(xiě)的單詞重讀產(chǎn)生語(yǔ)義變化的句子：

　　When you are speaking English，the words you stress can change the underlying meaning ofa sentence. Let's take a look at the following sentence：I don't think he should get the job.

　　This simple sentence can have many levels of meaning based on the word you stress.Consider the meaning of the following sentences with the stressed word in bold. Read each sentence aloud and give a strong stress to the word in bold：

　　I don't think he should get the job.（重音在I上面）

　　Meaning：Somebody else thinks he should get the job.

　　I don't think he should get the job.（重音在don't上面）

　　Meaning：It's not true that I think he should get the job.

　　I don't think he should get the job.（重音在think上面）

　　Meaning：That's not really what I mean. OR I'm not sure he'll get the job.

　　I don't think he should get the job.（重音在he上面）

　　Meaning：Somebody else should get the job.

　　I don't think he should get the job.（重音在should上面）

　　Meaning：In my opinion it's wrong that he's going to get the job.

　　I don't think he should get the job.（重音在get上面）

　　Meaning：He should have to earn（be worthy of，work hard for）the job.

　　I don't think he should get the job.（重音在the上面）

　　Meaning：He should get another job.

　　I don't think he should get the job.（重音在job上面）

　　Meaning：Maybe he should get something else instead.

　　As you can see，there are many different ways this sentence can be understood. The important point to remember is that the true meaning of the sentence is also expressed through the stressed word or words. （通過(guò)對(duì)單詞的強(qiáng)調(diào)可以突出句子的具體含義）

　　第二個(gè)方面就是句子語(yǔ)調(diào)。句子語(yǔ)調(diào)是口音好壞的非常重要的一個(gè)方面。句子語(yǔ)調(diào)其實(shí)和單詞重音是相結(jié)合的。大家來(lái)看看美國(guó)教授的一段文字：

　　Say this sentence aloud and count how many seconds it takes.

　　The beautiful mountain appeared transfixed in the distance.

　　Time required？ Probably about 5 seconds. Now，try speaking this sentence aloud.

　　He can come on Sundays as long as he doesn't have to do any homework in the evening.

　　Time required？ Probably about 5 seconds.

　　Wait a minute.The first sentence is much shorter than the second sentence！

　　The beautiful mountain appeared transfixed in the distance.

　　He can come on Sundays as long as he doesn't have to do any homework in the evening.

　　You are only partially right！

　　This simple exercise makes a very important point about how we speak and use English. Namely，English is considered as a stressed language while many other languages are considered syllabic. What does that mean？ It means that，in English，we give stress to certain words while other words are quickly spoken（some students say eaten）。 In other languages，such as French or Italian，each syllable receives equal importance（there is stress，but each syllable has its own length）。

　　Many speakers of syllabic languages don't understand why we quickly speak，or swallow，a number of words in a sentence. In syllabic languages each syllable has equal importance，and therefore equal time is needed. English however，spends more time on specific stressed words while quickly gliding over the other，less important，words.

　　Let's look at a simple example： the modal verb “can”。 When we use the positive form of “can”，we quickly glide over the “can” and it is hardly pronounced.

　　They can come on Friday.

　　On the other hand，when we use the negative form “can't” we tend to stress the fact that it is the negative form by also stressing “can't”。

　　They can't come on Friday.

　　As you can see from the above examples，the sentence “They can't come on Friday” is longer than “They can come on Friday” because both the modal “can't” and the verb “come” are stressed.

　　So，what does this mean for our speaking skills？

　　Well，first of all，you need to understand which words we generally stress and which we do not stress. Basically，stressed words are considered CONTENT WORDS such as：

　　· nouns e.g. kitchen，Peter

　　·（most）principal verbs e.g. visit，construct

　　· adjectives e.g. beautiful，interesting

　　·adverbs e.g. often，carefully

　　Non-stressed words are considered FUNCTION WORDS such as：

　　· determiners e.g. the，a，some，a few

　　· auxiliary verbs e.g. don't，am，can，were

　　· prepositions e.g. before，next to，opposite

　　· conjunctions e.g. but，while，as

　　· pronouns e.g. they，she，us

　　Let's return to the beginning example to demonstrate how this affects speech.

　　The beautiful mountain appeared transfixed in the distance.（14 syllables）

　　He can come on Sundays as long as he doesn't have to do any homework in the evening.（22 syllables）

　　Even though the second sentence is approximately 30% longer than the first，the sentences take the same time to speak. This is because there are 5 stressed words in each sentence. From this example，you can see that you needn't worry about pronouncing every word clearly to be understood（we native speakers certainly don't）。 You should，however，concentrate on pronouncing the stressed words clearly.

　　Now，do some listening comprehension or go speak to your native English speaking friends and listen to how they concentrate on the stressed words rather than giving importance to each syllable. You will soon find that you can understand and communicate more because you begin to listen for （and use in speaking）stressed words. All those words that you thought you didn't understand are really not crucial for understanding the sense or making yourself understood. Stressed words are the key to excellent pronunciation and understanding of English.

　　I hope this short introduction to the importance of stress in English will help you to improve your understanding and speaking skills.

　　相信大家都能看懂這段文字，英語(yǔ)為母語(yǔ)的人是如何來(lái)說(shuō)英語(yǔ)的：重讀和輕讀是非常非常重要的一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)。英語(yǔ)是一種強(qiáng)調(diào)化語(yǔ)言，跟其他語(yǔ)言有很大的差別。因此，雅思口語(yǔ)考生在考場(chǎng)中說(shuō)英文的時(shí)候也要特別注意這一點(diǎn)，有意識(shí)地去重讀那些想要強(qiáng)調(diào)的詞，弱讀一些介詞和連詞等。要練到像美國(guó)人或者英國(guó)人那樣說(shuō)話必須有4～6周的強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練，專(zhuān)門(mén)去準(zhǔn)備一些雅思口語(yǔ)的題目和參考答案來(lái)練習(xí)重讀和語(yǔ)調(diào)。

　　另外一個(gè)特點(diǎn)就是句子節(jié)奏。說(shuō)英語(yǔ)一定要有節(jié)奏。有考生會(huì)問(wèn)：“我怎么能夠說(shuō)英語(yǔ)有節(jié)奏呢？有沒(méi)有什么教程呢？”答案其實(shí)非常簡(jiǎn)單，有兩種方法可以使大家說(shuō)話有節(jié)奏：第一是看美劇Friends或者Prison Break，這種喜劇類(lèi)和劇情類(lèi)的美劇中的對(duì)話都是非?？鋸埖模炊嗔苏f(shuō)話就有節(jié)奏了。第二就是多聽(tīng)R&B或者Hip-Hop的英文歌曲。

　　那么對(duì)于雅思口語(yǔ)考試的發(fā)音，考官是怎么看的呢？下面一段是雅思口語(yǔ)考官對(duì)于發(fā)音這部分打分的解釋?zhuān)?

　　★ Overall，clear and understandable pronunciation is the main thing.

　　★ Secondly，the correct use of the following features will determine the pronunciation grade：

　　☆ basic word pronunciation；

　　☆ linked speech sounds；

　　☆ correct and appropriate sentence stress（i.e.，which word or words in a sentence are stressed more than others）；

　　☆ appropriate use of intonation（rising and falling）to emphasize meaning.

　　★ Slightly inaccurate（= unclear）pronunciation is usually understandable if the correct

　　words and grammar are used but slightly inaccurate pronunciation combined withother errors can result in language that is not understandable at all.

　　★ American pronunciation is acceptable.

　　出色的發(fā)音是雅思口語(yǔ)考試高分的關(guān)鍵，但是光靠發(fā)音是不夠的，還需要注重其他幾個(gè)方面。