廣州學(xué)校:雅思考試段落大意題的答題步驟和技巧

　　段落大意題的答題步驟和技巧

　　Step One:因為雅思閱讀考試時，可以用筆在試卷上作標(biāo)記，所以考生可先把用作例子的標(biāo)題和段落都劃掉，以免干擾了有效閱讀而浪費時間。

　　廣州英語培訓(xùn)學(xué)校老師提示有時答題指引中會注明某一標(biāo)題可能被不止一次應(yīng)用，例如，You may use any戶eading more than once。但在實際考試中，還沒有出現(xiàn)過這樣的情況，因為每都是不一樣的。一般來說，都是一個標(biāo)題對應(yīng)一個段落。

　　Step Two:根據(jù)題目所要求的文章段落的順序，逐段略讀，總結(jié)和歸納每一段的主旨，關(guān)鍵要抓住主題句和尋找核心詞匯。在略讀每一段時，一般按照起始句→結(jié)束句→中間句的順序?qū)ふ掖硕蔚闹黝}句。

　　廣州英語培訓(xùn)學(xué)校老師提示先讀選項后讀文章的做法不適合此題型。因為待選標(biāo)題和文章段落之間不是一一對應(yīng)的關(guān)系。題目設(shè)計者為了干擾考生的選擇.會故意出幾個相似的選項。如果先讀選項后看文章，會費時費力，準(zhǔn)確率也不高。

　　按照英文段落的發(fā)展模式.通常起始句會是全段的中心，提出一個觀點或主題。如果第一句話是承接上一段的過渡句或一句描述性的話，那么主題句一般就在第二句。段落的中間會對主題句加以舉例說明或論據(jù)論證，經(jīng)常會出現(xiàn)for exampl,for instance這樣的字眼。而結(jié)束句通常是對起始句的paraphrase。但同時，要注意看段落中是否出現(xiàn)了轉(zhuǎn)折連詞，例如however, nevertheless等詞，因為在這種情況下段落的意義重心可能會發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移。

　　廣州英語培訓(xùn)學(xué)校老師提示千萬不要把.“起始句一般都是主題句”這一規(guī)則教條化。在總結(jié)歸納段落大意時.要抓住主題句，不僅要看第一、二句話，還一定要快速瀏覽全段，對段落的發(fā)展脈絡(luò)有清楚的把握，才能確定段落真正的重心。

　　在閱讀時，要注意把握句子的語義重心。例如，若句子中出現(xiàn)了轉(zhuǎn)折性的連詞或介詞，諸如although/though/while/despite/in spite of等等，語義重心就是這些轉(zhuǎn)折詞所表達(dá)意思之外的部分。

　　Step Three:根據(jù)通過閱讀歸納出來的段落大意，把List of Headings中列舉出的標(biāo)題和自己的總結(jié)相比照，通過關(guān)鍵詞或同義結(jié)構(gòu)的定位，尋找適合該段的段落標(biāo)題。

　　注意:按照一一對應(yīng)的法則，在確定了一段文章的標(biāo)題后，可以將已選標(biāo)題劃掉，以免干擾下面的選擇在選擇標(biāo)題的過程中，還要注意采取.“避重就輕”的原則:對于較難總結(jié)的段落可先放在一邊，先往下讀，選出自己有把握的標(biāo)題并排除.再回過頭來篩選比較。在篩選比較的時候。一定要吃透原文段落的大意，可能在相似的待選標(biāo)題中選出正確答案。實際考試中就曾經(jīng)出現(xiàn)過這種情況:兩個選擇項中都提到了同樣的詞，關(guān)鍵是根據(jù)原文的意思找出這兩個選項的區(qū)別，選出正確答案。

　　如果某選項與原文詞句特別相似或一致.此選擇項極有可能是干擾項，因為正確選項一般都是對主題句或全段大意的改寫。

　　Four:將選出的答案抄寫到答題卡上，注意不要抄錯行。

　　廣州英語培訓(xùn)學(xué)校老師提示在此題型中，通常用羅馬字母來標(biāo)識待選的標(biāo)題。但要特別注意羅馬字母中，iv代表四，而vi代表六，在抄寫答案時，很容易抄錯，希望考生多叫小心3.2.3段落大意題專項練習(xí)及解答The following passage has seven paragraphs A一G·Choose the correct headings for paragraphs A一F from the list of headings below·Note there are more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use them all .Write the correct numbers i一ix in boxes 1一5 on your answer sheet.

　　List of Headings

　　i .Growing worries about Arctic temperature riseii .The link between Arctic temperature rise and ocean circulationiii.Conflicting observations

　　iv. Reasons not to have immediate fear about sea levelv .Reasons to regard ACIA's report seriouslyvi .Supporting evidence for ACIA's reportvii. Potential release of greenhouse gas caused by Arctic warmingviii .A dramatic rise in sea

　　ix. Possible effects of Arctic warming on the global climateExample Answer

　　Paragraph A iii

　　1·paragraph B

　　2·paragraph C

　　3·paragraph D

　　4·paragraph E

　　5·paragraph F

　　A The ACIA(the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment)reckons that in recent decades average temperatures have increased almost twice as fast in the Arctic as they have in the rest of the world. Skeptics argue that there are places，such as the high latitudes of the Greenland ice sheet and some buoys at sea，where temperatures seem to have fallen.On the other hand，there are also places, such as parts of Alaska，where they have risen far faster than average. Robin Bell.a geophysicist at Columbia University who was not involved in the report's compilation，believes that such conflicting local trends point to the value of the international，interdisciplinary approach of this week's report. As he observes. "climate change，like the weather.can be patchy and you can get fooled unless you look at the whole picture.”

　　B And there is other evidence of warming to bolster the ACIA's case. For example，the report documents the widespread melting of glaciers and of sea ice，a trend already making life miserable for the polar bears and seals that depend on that ice. It also notes a shortening of the snow season.The most worrying finding, however，is evidence一still preliminary一that the Greenland ice sheet may be melting faster than previously thought.

　　C That points to one reason the world should pay attention to this week's report. Like a canary in a coal mine，the hyper-sensitive polar regions may well experience the full force of global warming before the rest of the planet does. I lowever. there is a second and bigger reason to pay attention. An unexpectedly rapid warming of the Arctic could also lead directly to greater climate change elsewhere on the planet.

　　D Arctic warming may influence the global climate in several ways. One is that amounts of methane，a particularly potent greenhouse gas.are stored in hugethe

　　permafrost of the tundra. Although a thaw would allow forests to invade the tundra。

　　which would tend to ameliorate any global warming that is going on(since trees capture carbon dioxide，the greenhouse gas most talked about in the context of climate change)·a melting of the permafrost might also lead to a lot of trapped methane being released into the atmosphere，more than offsetting the cooling effects of the new forests.

　　E Another worry is that Arctic warming will influence ocean circulation in ways that are not fully understood. One link in the chain is the salinity of sea water，which is decreasing in the north Atlantic thanks to an increase in glacial meltwaters. Because fresh water and salt water have different densities, this "freshening" of the ocean could change circulation patterns. The most celebrated risk is to the mid-Atlantic Conveyor Belt，a current which brings warm water from the tropics to north-western Europe，and which is responsible for that region's unusually mild winters. Some of the ACIA's experts are fretting over evidence of reduced density and salinity in waters near the Arctic that could adversely affect this current.

　　F The biggest popular worry，though，is that melting Arctic ice could lead to a dramatic rise in sea level.Here. a few caveats are needed.For a start.much of the ice in the Arctic is floating in the sea already.Archimedes's principle shows that the melting of this ice will make no immediate difference to the sea's level.although it would change its albedo. Second，if land ice，such as that covering Greenland，does melt in large quantities，the process will take centuries. And third, although the experts are indeed worried that global warming might cause the oceans to rise，the main way they believe this will happen is by thermal expansion of the water itself.

　　G Nevertheless, there is some cause for nervousness. As the ACIA researchers document.

　　there are signs that the massive Greenland ice sheet might be melting more rapidly than was thought a few years ago. Cracks in the sheet appear to be allowing melt water to trickle to its base，explains Michael Oppenheimer, a climatologist at Princeton University who was not one of the report's authors. That water may act as:，lubricant.

　　speeding up the sheet's movement into the sea. If the entire sheet melted, the sea might rise by 6一7 met res. While acknowledging that disintegration this century is still an unlikely outcome，Dr Oppenheimer argues that the evidence of the past few years suggests it is more likely to happen over the next few centuries if the world does not reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. He worries that an accelerating Arctic warming trend may yet push the ice melt beyond an "irreversible on/off switch".

　　(Adapted from The Economist)

　　解析

　　題目以第一段作為例子，給出了答案，那么考生在開始做題前，應(yīng)該用鉛筆把第一段和選項iii劃去.以免影響閱讀。

　　1.答案是vi, B段中，第一句話是主題句，指出有其他變暖的證據(jù)來支持ACIA的報告。其后緊跟的一個詞組for example表明，接下來的這句話是對主題句的舉例說明.考生不必細(xì)讀。第三句話中的also一詞也表明，此句是對主題句的舉例說明。在所給的選項之中，只有vi這一項中出現(xiàn)了主題句中的對應(yīng)詞:supporting(支持的)對應(yīng)原文中的bolster(支持),evidence一詞是原文中的原詞。因此vi是正確選項。

　　2·答案是v, C段中，第一句話順承上一段，指出整個世界都應(yīng)注意此報告的一個原因，關(guān)鍵詞是one reason和pay attention to。接著是對此原ICI的說明。此段的中間出現(xiàn)了一個轉(zhuǎn)折連詞however。一般的規(guī)則是，轉(zhuǎn)折連詞的出現(xiàn)表示語義重心的轉(zhuǎn)移，但考生不能把這條規(guī)則教條化。在本句中，出現(xiàn)了second and bigger reason和pay attention的字樣，事實上列舉出另外一個原因。綜合此段大意.只有v項中有對應(yīng)的詞reasons和take AICA's report seriously, 因此v是正確選項。

　　3`答案是vii。如果考生只看D段第一句話就草草下結(jié)論的話，就可能誤選ix項。ix項與此段第一句話的意思完全吻合，但如果考生迅速瀏覽木段的話，就會發(fā)現(xiàn)后面的解釋說明只針對北極圈變暖對全球氣候的影響中特定的一點，即大量埋藏于北極圈地下的methane會因那里的氣候變暖而逸出。methane一詞對考生來說很可能是個生詞，但可以通過上下文判斷出其涵義。methane后面有一個同位語.指出它是一種威力特別強(qiáng)大的溫室氣體。

　　因此本段只是說明了北極圈變暖與methane這種埋藏在北極圈之下的溫室氣體之間的因果關(guān)系。因此只有vii項才是正確答案。

　　4`答案是ii. E段的起始句Another worry表明.這句話是呼應(yīng)上一段的起始句中several ways的。此句表明，北極圈變暖與洋流循環(huán)之間存在聯(lián)系。而下面兩句話是對此聯(lián)系的解釋說明，再接著就是舉例說明。本段的起始句就是主題句，在選擇項之中，只有ii項提到了ocean circulation，因此ii項是正確答案。

　　5`答案是iv。此題也很具有迷惑性。F段的起始句指出，擔(dān)心在于北極圈的冰融化會導(dǎo)致海平面急劇上升.這正和ix項的dramatic rise in sea level相吻合。但如果向下閱讀的話，會發(fā)現(xiàn)此段后面列舉出的三點現(xiàn)象與起始句的意思并不相符。首先，由于北極圈的冰大部分屬于漂浮冰，其融化并不會對海平面造成直接影響(no immediate difference tothe sea's level);第二.即使陸地冰大量融化，也要用幾個世紀(jì)的時間;第三.專家雖然相信全球變暖會導(dǎo)致海平面上升，但主要還是通過水本身的熱膨脹。而這三點原因都表明，海平面近期是不會有劇烈上升的，正好和起始句中的dramatic rise相反。只有iv項符合本段大意，指的是不必?fù)?dān)心海平面近期急劇上升的原因。