雅思閱讀素材Facebook是如何失控的

雅思閱讀素材：Facebook是如何失控的，很多同學(xué)對(duì)于這個(gè)問(wèn)題有疑問(wèn)和不解，那么下面就跟著中國(guó)教育在線的小編詳細(xì)了解一下吧。

對(duì)于Facebook此次的數(shù)據(jù)助選丑聞，F(xiàn)T專(zhuān)欄作家John Gapper提出，F(xiàn)acebook的快速發(fā)展得益于它把用戶的強(qiáng)紐帶與弱紐帶混在一起，但弱紐帶發(fā)揮的強(qiáng)大影響也變成該平臺(tái)的缺陷。

雅思雙語(yǔ)閱讀：

In Walt Disney’s Fantasia， the apprentice Mickey Mouse bashfully hands back the sorcerer’s hat after failing to stop a troupe of magic broomsticks from causing a flood. Mark Zuckerberg made his own bow to the US Congress last Tuesday by apologising for the havoc that he has unleashed at Facebook.

在華特迪士尼（Walt Disney）的《幻想曲》（Fantasia）中，魔法師的學(xué)徒“米老鼠”（Mickey Mouse）在未能阻止一群被施了魔法的掃把引發(fā)洪水后，扭捏地把魔法帽還給了魔法師。上周二，馬克?扎克伯格（Mark Zuckerberg）也在美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)上演了這一幕，為他在Facebook造成的爛攤子道歉。

With greater effort and honesty， Facebook can fix the laxity with which it has handled personal data. The Cambridge Analytica scandal showed that it was far too loose in allowing people and organisations to plug into its “social graph” and extract data about millions of users. It has already tightened its data controls and must tighten them more， but the task is achievable.

通過(guò)采取更多措施和拿出更誠(chéng)懇的態(tài)度，F(xiàn)acebook可以解決它處理個(gè)人數(shù)據(jù)不嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)膯?wèn)題。劍橋分析（Cambridge Analytica）丑聞表明，F(xiàn)acebook允許個(gè)人和機(jī)構(gòu)接入Facebook的“社交圖譜”并提取數(shù)以百萬(wàn)計(jì)用戶的個(gè)人信息，是極其嚴(yán)重的疏漏。Facebook已經(jīng)收緊了對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)的控制，它還須加大力度，不過(guò)該任務(wù)是可以完成的。

But other things cannot be fixed because they are beyond Mr Zuckerberg’s control， lost in myriad encounters among Facebook’s 2bn users. The technical term is emergence， the powerful and unpredictable outcome of millions of users interacting freely with others. Anything from joke videos to fake news can spread like a virus， changing how people feel and act.

但仍然有很多其他問(wèn)題無(wú)法解決，因?yàn)檫@些問(wèn)題已經(jīng)不在扎克伯格可控制的范圍內(nèi)，而是散落于Facebook的20億用戶無(wú)數(shù)的接觸中。準(zhǔn)確地說(shuō)是“自然生長(zhǎng)”，即無(wú)數(shù)用戶自由互動(dòng)所帶來(lái)的強(qiáng)大而不可預(yù)測(cè)的后果。無(wú)論是搞笑視頻、還是虛假新聞，一切都可能像病毒一樣傳播，改變著人們的想法和行動(dòng)。

Mr Zuckerberg has been subdued by witnessing his creation cause chaos. Facebook was tapped by anti-Rohingya Buddhists in Myanmar and Russian fake news factories. No higher authority holds the solution. The EU and the US may impose stricter rules on social networks， but politicians and regulators have no deeper insight into Facebook’s workings than its founder.

扎克伯格目睹了他的作品所造成的混亂卻束手無(wú)策。Facebook被反羅興亞人的緬甸佛教徒和俄羅斯的假新聞制造廠所利用。當(dāng)局也沒(méi)有解決方案。歐盟（EU）和美國(guó)可能會(huì)對(duì)社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)執(zhí)行更嚴(yán)格的監(jiān)管規(guī)則，但政客和監(jiān)管者對(duì)Facebook運(yùn)作方式的了解并不比其創(chuàng)始人更深。

Facebook increasingly talks of trying to limit the amount of passive consumption by users， from reading news （fake and otherwise） to watching videos. Instead， it wants to nudge them back to the kind of interactions with which it started — “to stay connected to the people they love， make their voices heard， and build communities and businesses”， Mr Zuckerberg says.

Facebook開(kāi)始越來(lái)越多地討論起試圖限制用戶的被動(dòng)攝入——從閱讀新聞（假新聞以及真新聞）到觀看視頻。相反，它希望促使用戶重新像Facebook創(chuàng)建之初那樣互動(dòng)——“與他們喜歡的人保持聯(lián)系，發(fā)出自己的聲音，并建立社區(qū)和企業(yè)，”扎克伯格表示。

That may be prudent， but it does not get to the heart of the matter： Facebook grew by intentionally mixing up what Mark Granovetter， the US sociologist， called “strong ties” with weak ones. The former are close relationships among families， friends and colleagues； the latter are links to distant acquaintances and people in other communities. On Facebook， all “friends” are equal.

這可能是經(jīng)過(guò)深思熟慮之舉，但它并沒(méi)有觸及問(wèn)題的核心：Facebook過(guò)去的發(fā)展是通過(guò)有意識(shí)地把美國(guó)社會(huì)學(xué)家馬克?格拉諾維特（Mark Granovetter）所說(shuō)的“強(qiáng)紐帶”與弱紐帶混在一起實(shí)現(xiàn)的。前者是家人、朋友和同事之間親近的關(guān)系；后者是與一般熟人和其他社區(qū)的人之間的聯(lián)系。在Facebook上，所有的“朋友”都是平等的。

Facebook’s size makes it more weakly tied than social networks that focus on smaller communities. One analysis of 957，000 Facebook users and 59m connections （gathered before it limited data scraping） found that “most connections are weak?.?.?.?with few contacts and infrequent interactions”. That made it “a powerful way to transfer information across large social distances and to wide segments”.

Facebook的規(guī)模使得它比其他專(zhuān)注于中小型社區(qū)的社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)更加偏向于弱紐帶。一項(xiàng)研究了95.7萬(wàn)Facebook用戶及其5900萬(wàn)個(gè)聯(lián)系人（在Facebook限制數(shù)據(jù)抓取之前收集的數(shù)據(jù)）的分析發(fā)現(xiàn)，“大多數(shù)聯(lián)系人屬于弱紐帶?……聯(lián)系很少、互動(dòng)也不頻繁”。這使得Facebook成為了“跨越廣闊社會(huì)距離和向大量領(lǐng)域傳遞信息的有力方式”。

Hundreds of millions of weak ties also make it a powerful way to wield influence. Studies show that people’s mood， behaviour， and even weight are affected by others who are fairly weakly connected in a social network — Profs Christakis and Fowler refer to the “three degrees of influence” that friends of friends of friends can invisibly exert.

大量的弱紐帶也使Facebook成為了施展影響力的有力途徑。多項(xiàng)研究表明，人們的情緒、行為、甚至體重都會(huì)受到社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)中聯(lián)系相對(duì)較弱的熟人的影響——克里斯塔基斯和福勒教授提到你的朋友的朋友的朋友可以在無(wú)形中發(fā)揮的“三維度影響力”。

This is the trouble with Facebook’s elision of families and acquaintances， of strong and weak ties. The latter can make users happy or depressed； can help them to lose weight or gain it； can deliver insight or misinformation. Good and ill both multiply across its emergent， disobedient network.

這是Facebook把強(qiáng)紐帶的家人和弱紐帶的一般熟人混在一起所面臨的問(wèn)題。后者可以影響用戶的心情、可以促使他們減肥或者增重、可以向他們傳遞真知灼見(jiàn)或錯(cuò)誤信息。在Facebook自然生長(zhǎng)且不服管理的龐大網(wǎng)絡(luò)中，善意和惡意的效果都被數(shù)倍放大。

The sorcerer cleaned up Mickey’s mess but Mr Zuckerberg has not yet handed in his wizard’s hat. “It’s not enough to connect people， we have to make sure those connections are positive，” he told members of Congress on Tuesday. That is a fine pledge， but it would take magic to fulfil it.

魔法師收拾了米老鼠的爛攤子，但扎克伯格目前還沒(méi)有交出他的魔法帽。周二，他對(duì)國(guó)會(huì)議員說(shuō)：“僅僅把人們聯(lián)系起來(lái)還不夠，我們必須確保這些聯(lián)系發(fā)揮積極作用。”誓言雖然美好，但他得有魔法才能實(shí)現(xiàn)。

雅思閱讀高頻詞匯

apprentice [?＇prent?s] n. 學(xué)徒；徒弟

例句：Back in the Qing Dynasty， a drug store apprentice was always scolded by his boss. He had to bear the insult for fear of losing the job. 清朝的時(shí)候，有一個(gè)藥店，店里配藥的小伙計(jì)常常挨老板的罵，他怕丟了飯碗，只好忍氣吞聲。

bashfully [＇b??fuli] adv. 羞怯地；扭捏地

例句：＂A lot of error， ＂ he underscored， looking bashfully at the floor of a workroom at Parsons and chuckling. “無(wú)數(shù)次失敗，”他又一次強(qiáng)調(diào)，窘迫不安地看著他位于帕森學(xué)院的工作室的地板。

havoc [＇h?v?k] n. 大破壞；浩劫

例句：There is no obvious prospect of a rapid jump in short-term interest rates of the kind that caused havoc for banks in 1994. 在1994年，短期利率的迅速上升，曾讓銀行業(yè)遭受重大沖擊，但目前尚無(wú)明顯跡象表明這種情況將再次出現(xiàn)。

unleash [?n＇li??] vt. 發(fā)泄；突然釋放；使爆發(fā)

例句：It was the start of a chain reaction that this summer unleashed a fierce backlash from regulators and local banks. 此后出現(xiàn)了一系列連鎖反應(yīng)，到了今年夏天，中國(guó)監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)和本土銀行發(fā)出了強(qiáng)烈的反彈。

subdue [s?b＇dju?] vt. 征服；抑制；減輕

例句：The International Monetary Fund said the softer data pointed to a more subdued recovery. 國(guó)際貨幣基金組織（IMF）認(rèn)為，數(shù)據(jù)走軟預(yù)示復(fù)蘇腳步可能更為遲滯。

laxity [＇l?ks?t?] n. 松馳；放縱

例句：Applied loosely， these suggestions would be a licence for laxity. 若不加約束地實(shí)施，這些規(guī)定可能成為懶惰者的通行證。

myriad [＇m?r??d] adj. 無(wú)數(shù)的 n. 無(wú)數(shù)，極大數(shù)量

例句：The role of the course is to help you to identify which of the details hidden in the myriad of facts comprising each case are most relevant. 本堂課的角色就是幫助你確認(rèn)哪些隱含在每篇個(gè)案所組成大量的事例背后的細(xì)節(jié)是有意義的。

nudge [n?d?] vt. 推進(jìn)；用肘輕推；向…不停地嘮叨

例句：Past them and between them nudged cars， vans and other trucks carrying furniture， women in burqas ， open loads of cows and donkeys. 小汽車(chē)、面包車(chē)和其他一些卡車(chē)夾雜其間，緩緩從它們旁邊經(jīng)過(guò)，車(chē)上載著家具和戴著面紗的伊斯蘭婦女，還有不加遮蓋的奶牛和驢子。

prudent [＇pru?d（?）nt] adj. 謹(jǐn)慎的；精明的；節(jié)儉的

例句：But the company said it was continuing to “consider all [potential fundraising] options as is only prudent”. 但該公司表示，為“謹(jǐn)慎起見(jiàn)”，將繼續(xù)“考慮所有（潛在的融資）選擇”。

intentionally [?n＇t?n??n?li] adv. 有意地，有計(jì)劃地

例句：In a 2002 will signed by Michael Jackson， he said he had ＂intentionally omitted＂ to provide for Rowe. 杰克遜在2002年留下的遺囑中明確指出，他“有意”將前妻羅伊排除在財(cái)產(chǎn)繼承人之外。

acquaintance [?＇kwe?nt（?）ns] n. 熟人；相識(shí)，了解

例句：Last week I had lunch with an acquaintance and by way of making conversation， I said I was about to celebrate 25 years at the newspaper. 上周和一位熟人共進(jìn)午餐時(shí)，我沒(méi)話找話地說(shuō)，我就要慶祝在英國(guó)《金融時(shí)報(bào)》呆滿25年了。

scrape [skre?p] vt. 刮；擦傷

例句：Instead， an inquiry revealed he had scraped the name off a Motorola product and claimed the work as his own. 而實(shí)際上，一項(xiàng)調(diào)查披露，他只是刮掉摩托羅拉（Motorola）某款產(chǎn)品上的名稱(chēng)，將其據(jù)為己有。

wield [wi?ld] vt. 使用；運(yùn)用；掌握

例句：To many looking on at Germany in now Ms Merkel may seem to wield the same adamantine handbag. 對(duì)于很多現(xiàn)在關(guān)注德國(guó)的人而言，默克爾似乎也會(huì)揮起同樣堅(jiān)硬無(wú)比的手袋這樣說(shuō)。

elision [?＇l??（?）n] n. 省略；省音

例句：Shakespeare freely used elisions， novel syntax and several thousand made-up words （his own name was signed in six different ways）. 莎士比亞隨意使用的省音、新奇句法和數(shù)千個(gè)自造詞（他的名字便有6種不同的簽法）。

emergent [?＇m??d?（?）nt] adj. 自然發(fā)生的；緊急的

例句：It was an exciting time because there was so much emergent literature， poetry， applied arts and film. 那是一段激動(dòng)人心的時(shí)光，因?yàn)橛心敲炊嘈屡d的文學(xué)、詩(shī)歌、應(yīng)用美術(shù)和電影等藝術(shù)形態(tài)。

pledge [pled?] vt. 保證，許諾；用……抵押

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