（雅思課外精讀）在難民營(yíng)中成為企業(yè)家會(huì)面對(duì)哪些挑戰(zhàn)

隨著留學(xué)市場(chǎng)的不斷發(fā)展，越來(lái)越多的學(xué)生選擇留學(xué)。如果你也是想要留學(xué)的學(xué)生之一，那么你就需要參加語(yǔ)言考試，其中雅思托福就是最為常見(jiàn)的英語(yǔ)考試，下面中國(guó)教育在線外語(yǔ)頻道小編就為大家介紹一下【雅思課外精讀】在難民營(yíng)中成為企業(yè)家會(huì)面對(duì)哪些挑戰(zhàn)。

原文譯文

Bartleby

巴特比專欄

The worlds toughest business school

世界上條件最艱苦的商學(xué)院

The challenges of being an entrepreneur in a refugee camp

在難民營(yíng)中成為企業(yè)家會(huì)面對(duì)哪些挑戰(zhàn)

1. IN 1996 CIVIL war erupted in what was then Zaire and is now the conflict-ravaged Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Karasira Mboniga managed to escape, eventually settling in the Kiziba refugee camp in Rwanda, and working as a secondary-school teacher. But he says that his life changed forever when he started his own business in 2008, selling food and performing money transfers.

1996年，扎伊爾內(nèi)戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)，扎伊爾就是我們現(xiàn)在那飽受戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)蹂躪的剛果民主共和國(guó)(DRC)。Karasira Mboniga成功逃離剛果，來(lái)到了盧旺達(dá)的Kiziba難民營(yíng)，在那里做了一個(gè)中學(xué)老師。但是他說(shuō)，2008年開(kāi)始自己做生意之后，他的人生徹底改變了，他現(xiàn)在主要就是在出售各種食品和轉(zhuǎn)賬。

2. That business came under threat when the pandemic hit earlier this year. But Mr Mboniga was one of many refugees to be helped by the African Entrepreneur Collective (AEC), a charity which started to disburse grants from a special covid-19 relief fund in June.

當(dāng)今年早些時(shí)候疫情爆發(fā)，他的生意受到了影響。但Mboniga先生是眾多接受非洲企業(yè)家團(tuán)體(AEC)幫助的難民之一。AEC是一個(gè)慈善機(jī)構(gòu)，設(shè)有一個(gè)新冠特別救助基金，今年6月開(kāi)始發(fā)放救濟(jì)款。

3. AEC, which started in Rwanda in 2012, has had a focus on job creation from the start. Eventually it realised that helping refugees would serve that aim, as jobs would also be created in the host community. Until the pandemic, it focused on making loans, rather than grants, to small businesses.

AEC成立于2012年，致力于創(chuàng)造就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。該組織意識(shí)到，幫助難民可以促進(jìn)就業(yè)，因?yàn)檫@樣可以在收容社區(qū)創(chuàng)造就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。在新冠爆發(fā)之前，該組織主要是向小企業(yè)發(fā)放貸款，而不是采取直接撥款的方式。

4. Its new covid-19 fund was established with help from the MasterCard Foundation, the payment processors charitable arm. It has already helped almost 4,000 entrepreneurs; 91% of the businesses that were closed have since reopened. On average, the ventures have managed to increase their staff by a third within a month of receiving a grant.

在支付服務(wù)商的慈善機(jī)構(gòu)萬(wàn)事達(dá)信用卡基金會(huì)的幫助下，該組織成立了新冠基金。該基金已經(jīng)幫助了近4000名企業(yè)家；91%被關(guān)閉的企業(yè)已經(jīng)重新開(kāi)業(yè)。平均而言，這些企業(yè)在獲得資助后的一個(gè)月內(nèi)就招募了三分之一的員工。

5. Sara Leedom of the AEC says the charity has put few restrictions on how the refugees can spend the money. Some have used it to settle debts; some to pay their employees; some to restock the business; some on covid-related issues, such as sanitation; and some have invested in new technology. Many operate small shops, kiosks or cafs; several work in agriculture; and a few in tourism and hospitality. We were blown away, she says.

AEC的Sara Leedom表示，該慈善機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)難民如何使用這筆資金幾乎沒(méi)有限制。有些人用這筆錢來(lái)償清債務(wù)，有些用來(lái)支付員工工資，有些用來(lái)補(bǔ)充庫(kù)存，有些用來(lái)購(gòu)買新冠設(shè)施；還有一些用來(lái)投資新技術(shù)。許多人經(jīng)營(yíng)小商店、報(bào)攤或咖啡館;一些人做農(nóng)業(yè)相關(guān)的生意；還有一些是在旅游業(yè)和酒店業(yè)。她說(shuō):我們被震撼到了。

6. All the residents in the camps tend to rely on grants from the UN refugee agency for their monthly income. When people do buy goods, they often have to purchase them on credit. As a consequence, the camps entrepreneurs can get easily into debt as they wait to be repaid by their customers. That, in turn, helps explain why loans and grants from charities can be necessary to tide them over.

難民營(yíng)里的所有居民都依靠聯(lián)合國(guó)難民機(jī)構(gòu)的補(bǔ)助金。人們買東西的時(shí)候，經(jīng)常要賒賬。因此，難民營(yíng)的那些企業(yè)家在等顧客還款的時(shí)候，往往會(huì)欠債。而這反過(guò)來(lái)也解釋了為什么慈善機(jī)構(gòu)的貸款和補(bǔ)助能夠幫助他們渡過(guò)難關(guān)了。

7. As well as a grant, however, Mr Mboniga has received business training from the AEC and says he would advise other refugees to join the programme. In the long run, he hopes that my business will help me to support my family, to be self-reliant. But he also wants to create jobs for other refugees who dont have other sources of income.

不過(guò)，除了補(bǔ)助之外，Mboniga還接受了AEC的商業(yè)培訓(xùn)，他表示，他會(huì)建議其他難民加入該項(xiàng)目。從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來(lái)看，他希望我的生意能幫助我養(yǎng)家糊口，自力更生。但他也想為其他沒(méi)有收入來(lái)源的難民創(chuàng)造就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。

8. Another person to make it out of the DRC was Muzaliwa Rushama, who reached the Nyabiheke Camp in the Gatsibo district of Rwanda in 2008. For many years, he had part-time work delivering goods. Starting a business was difficult, he says, because he did not have enough capital and it was also hard to find somewhere to conduct his trade and to acquire business knowledge. From his part-time income, he would save around 20,000 Rwandan francs ($20) a month until eventually he was able to accumulate 300,000 francs. That allowed him to start his business, selling food, such as flour and rice, in 2017.

另一個(gè)從剛果民主共和國(guó)逃出來(lái)的人是Muzaliwa Rushama，他2008年來(lái)到了盧旺達(dá)Gatsibo地區(qū)的Nyabiheke難民營(yíng)。多年來(lái)，他一直兼職送貨。他表示，創(chuàng)業(yè)很難，因?yàn)樗麤](méi)有足夠的資金，而且他不知道如何開(kāi)展業(yè)務(wù)，獲取商業(yè)知識(shí)。從他的兼職收入中，他每個(gè)月可以存下大約2萬(wàn)盧旺達(dá)法郎(20美元)，他一共攢下了30萬(wàn)法郎。這讓他得以在2017年自己做生意，銷售面粉和大米等食品。

9. Mr Rushama started working with the AEC in 2018 and has benefited from training, particularly in book-keeping, which he found immensely useful. I know how to count money in and out, my expenses and stock, he says. He was able to borrow $100 in 2018 and is currently servicing a $300 loan; he estimates that the value of his business has risen more than threefold since it began. His dream is to diversify into selling other products, for example shoes and clothes.

2018年，Rushama開(kāi)始在AEC接受培訓(xùn)，他發(fā)現(xiàn)這些培訓(xùn)很有用，尤其是簿記知識(shí)培訓(xùn)。他說(shuō)，我知道如何計(jì)算存入和支出，也就是我的支出和庫(kù)存。2018年，他借了100美元，目前正在償還一筆300美元的貸款；他估計(jì)，他的商店價(jià)值自創(chuàng)辦以來(lái)已經(jīng)增長(zhǎng)了三倍多。他的夢(mèng)想是將業(yè)務(wù)范圍擴(kuò)大到其他產(chǎn)品，例如鞋子和衣服。

10. The challenges of operating a business in the middle of a refugee camp are enormous, to put it mildly. Almost everyone there relies on aid. Access to traditional sources of finance, like banks, is extremely limited and expensive. Many goods need to be brought in from outside but the Kiziba camp has only a dangerous road linking it with the nearest town. On the plus side, the Rwandan government at least does not tax the enterprises run within the camps.

委婉地說(shuō)，在難民營(yíng)中經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)面臨的挑戰(zhàn)是巨大的。在難民營(yíng)，幾乎每個(gè)人都依賴援助。獲得銀行貸款等傳統(tǒng)融資渠道的途徑極其有限，而且成本高昂。許多貨物需要從外面運(yùn)進(jìn)來(lái)，但是Kiziba營(yíng)地只有一條危險(xiǎn)的道路連接距離最近的城鎮(zhèn)。從有利的方面來(lái)說(shuō)，盧旺達(dá)政府至少?zèng)]有對(duì)在難民營(yíng)內(nèi)經(jīng)營(yíng)的企業(yè)征稅。

11. Creating a business gives refugee entrepreneurs two things: a degree of control over their own lives and hope for the future. For those who have languished in such places for years or decades both are invaluable.

創(chuàng)業(yè)給了難民企業(yè)家兩樣?xùn)|西:對(duì)自己生活一定程度的控制和對(duì)未來(lái)的希望。對(duì)于那些多年來(lái)一直在在難民營(yíng)艱難度日的人來(lái)說(shuō)，這是極其重要的。

12. AEC is expanding its operations. A year ago it began helping refugees in a Kenyan camp called Kakuma. Its entrepreneurial wards may never become the next Apple or Facebook. But turnover is not the only measure of business achievement. Small can be beautiful.

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