Biological community托福聽(tīng)力原文翻譯及問(wèn)題答案
2024-04-02 17:44:39 來(lái)源：中國(guó)教育在線
Biological community托福聽(tīng)力原文翻譯及問(wèn)題答案
一、Biological community托福聽(tīng)力原文：
Narrator:Listen to part of a lecture in a Biology Class.FEMALE PROFESSOR:Okay?we've been talking till now about the two basic needs of a biological community:an energy source,to produce organic materials—you know,uh,“food”—for the organisms?and?the“waste-recycling”,or breakdown,of materials back into inorganic molecules?And about how all this requires photosynthesis—when green plants or microbes convert sunlight into energy?and also requires microorganisms—bacteria—to secrete chemicals that break down or“recycle”the organic material,to complete the cycle.So,now we’re done with this chapter of the textbook:we can just?review for the weekly quiz?and?move on to the next chapter,right?Well,not so fast?First,I'd like to talk about some discoveries that challenged one of these fundamental assumptions about what you need in order to have a biological community?and—well,there actually were quite a few surprises.It all began in 1977,with the exploration of hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor.Hydrothermal vents are cracks in the Earth's surface that occur—well—well,the ones we're talking about here are found deep at the bottom of the ocean?and these vents,on the ocean floor?they release this incredibly hot water—three to four times the temperature that you’d boil water at—because this water is being heated deep within the Earth.
Well.About thirty years ago,researchers sent a deep-sea vessel to explore the ocean's depths—about 3 kilometers down—way deep!—to the ocean floor.No one had ever explored that far down before—nobody expected there to be any life down there—because of the conditions.
First of all,sunlight doesn't reach that far down,so it’s totally dark.There couldn't be any plant or animal life—since there's no sunlight—no source of energy to make food.If there was any life at all,it'd just be some bacteria breaking down any dead materials that might’ve fallen to the bottom of the ocean.Ann?FEMALE STUDENT:And what about the water pressure?Didn't we talk before about how,the deeper down into the ocean you go,the greater the pressure?FEMALE PROFESSOR:Excellent point!And not only the extreme pressure,but also the extreme temperature of the water around these vents—if the lack of sunlight didn't rule out the existence of a biological community down there,then these factors certainly would?Or so they thought.MALE STUDENT:So you're telling us they did find organisms that could live under those conditions?!FEMALE PROFESSOR:They did indeed—something like three hundred different species!FEMALE STUDENT:But—but—how could that be?I mean—without sunlight—no energy—no,no—FEMALE PROFESSOR:What they discovered was that microorganisms—bacteria—had taken over both functions of the biological community—the recycling of waste materials,AND the production of energy;THEY WERE THE ENERGY SOURCE.
Y’see?it turns out that certain microorganisms are chemosynthetic;they don't need sunlight because they take their energy from chemical reactions.So,as I said,unlike green plants,which are photosynthetic,and get their energy from sunlight,these bacteria that they found at the ocean floor—these are chemosynthetic,which means that they get their energy from chemical reactions.How does this work?As we said,these hydrothermal vents are releasing into the ocean depths this intensely hot water—and?here's the thing:this hot water contains a chemical called hydrogen sulfide,and also a gas—carbon dioxide.Now,these bacteria actually combine the hydrogen sulfide with the carbon dioxide,and this chemical reaction is what produces organic material,which is the food for larger organisms.The researchers had never seen anything like it before!MALE STUDENT:Wow!So just add a chemical to a gas,and—bingo!—you've got a food supply?!
FEMALE PROFESSOR:Not just that—what was even more surprising were all the large organisms that lived down there.The most distinctive of these was something called the tube worm.Here,let me show you a picture?The“tube”of the tube worm is really really long—they can be up to one and a half meters long.And these“tubes”are attached to the ocean floor.Pretty weird-looking,huh?
And another thing—the tube worm has no mouth or digestive organs!So,you're asking,how does it eat?Well,they have these special organs that collect the hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide,and then transfer it to another organ?where billions of bacteria live.These bacteria that live inside the tube worms:the tube worms provide them with hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide,and the bacteria?well,the bacteria kind of“feed”the tube worms through chemosynthesis—remember?That chemical reaction I described earlier?
二、Biological community托福聽(tīng)力中文翻譯：
旁白：在生物課上聽(tīng)一節(jié)課的一部分。女教授：好的?到目前為止，我們一直在討論生物群落的兩個(gè)基本需求：一種能源，用來(lái)生產(chǎn)有機(jī)材料，呃，“食物”——用于生物體?和?“廢物回收”，或?qū)⒉牧戏纸獬蔁o(wú)機(jī)分子?當(dāng)綠色植物或微生物將陽(yáng)光轉(zhuǎn)化為能量時(shí)，這一切是如何需要光合作用的?還需要微生物細(xì)菌分泌化學(xué)物質(zhì)，分解或“循環(huán)”有機(jī)物質(zhì)，以完成循環(huán)。那么，現(xiàn)在我們講完課本的這一章：我們可以?每周測(cè)驗(yàn)復(fù)習(xí)?和?繼續(xù)下一章，對(duì)嗎？嗯，沒(méi)那么快?首先，我想談?wù)勔恍┌l(fā)現(xiàn)，這些發(fā)現(xiàn)挑戰(zhàn)了一個(gè)基本假設(shè)，即為了建立一個(gè)生物群落，你需要什么?事實(shí)上，有很多驚喜。這一切都始于1977年，當(dāng)時(shí)人們?cè)诤５滋剿鳠嵋簢娍?。熱液噴口是地球表面的裂縫，發(fā)生得很好，我們?cè)谶@里討論的是在海底深處發(fā)現(xiàn)的?海底的這些通風(fēng)口?它們釋放出的熱水是你燒開(kāi)水溫度的三到四倍，因?yàn)檫@些水在地球深處被加熱。
好大約30年前，研究人員派遣了一艘深海船去探索3公里深處的海洋-到海底。由于條件的原因，在沒(méi)有人預(yù)料到那里會(huì)有生命之前，從來(lái)沒(méi)有人探索過(guò)那么遠(yuǎn)的地方。
首先，陽(yáng)光照射不到那么遠(yuǎn)，所以它是完全黑暗的。因?yàn)闆](méi)有陽(yáng)光，沒(méi)有制造食物的能源，所以不可能有任何植物或動(dòng)物的生命。如果真的有生命的話(huà)，那一定是一些細(xì)菌分解掉了任何可能沉入海底的死亡物質(zhì)。安？女學(xué)生：那么水壓呢？我們之前不是說(shuō)過(guò)，你進(jìn)入海洋越深，壓力就越大嗎？女教授：很好！不僅是極端的壓力，還有這些噴口周?chē)臉O端水溫如果缺乏陽(yáng)光不排除那里生物群落的存在，那么這些因素肯定會(huì)?或者他們是這么想的。男學(xué)生：那么你是說(shuō)他們確實(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)了可以在這種條件下生存的生物？！女教授：他們確實(shí)做了300種不同的物種！女學(xué)生：但那怎么可能呢？我的意思是沒(méi)有陽(yáng)光，沒(méi)有能源，沒(méi)有女教授：他們發(fā)現(xiàn)微生物細(xì)菌已經(jīng)接管了生物群落的兩個(gè)功能——廢物的回收和能源的生產(chǎn)；它們是能源。
你看?結(jié)果表明，某些微生物是化學(xué)合成的；它們不需要陽(yáng)光，因?yàn)樗鼈儚幕瘜W(xué)反應(yīng)中獲取能量。正如我所說(shuō)，與綠色植物不同的是，綠色植物是光合的，從陽(yáng)光中獲取能量，而在海底發(fā)現(xiàn)的這些細(xì)菌是化學(xué)合成的，這意味著它們從化學(xué)反應(yīng)中獲取能量。這是怎么回事？正如我們所說(shuō)，這些熱液噴口正在向海洋深處釋放強(qiáng)烈的熱水?事情是這樣的：這種熱水含有一種叫做硫化氫的化學(xué)物質(zhì)，還有一種氣體二氧化碳?，F(xiàn)在，這些細(xì)菌實(shí)際上將硫化氫和二氧化碳結(jié)合在一起，這種化學(xué)反應(yīng)產(chǎn)生了有機(jī)物質(zhì)，這是大型生物體的食物。研究人員以前從未見(jiàn)過(guò)這樣的事情！男學(xué)生：哇！所以只要在氣體中加入一種化學(xué)物質(zhì)，就知道了-你有食物供應(yīng)嗎？！
女教授：不僅如此，更令人驚訝的是生活在那里的所有大型生物。其中最有特色的是管蠕蟲(chóng)。來(lái)，讓我給你看一張照片?管蟲(chóng)的“管”真的很長(zhǎng)，它們可以長(zhǎng)達(dá)一米半。這些“管子”附著在海底?？雌饋?lái)很奇怪吧？
還有一件事，管蠕蟲(chóng)沒(méi)有嘴巴或消化器官！那么，你在問(wèn)，它是怎么吃的？嗯，他們有這些特殊的器官收集硫化氫和二氧化碳，然后將其轉(zhuǎn)移到另一個(gè)器官?數(shù)十億細(xì)菌生活的地方。這些細(xì)菌生活在管蟲(chóng)體內(nèi)：管蟲(chóng)為它們提供硫化氫和二氧化碳，細(xì)菌?嗯，細(xì)菌是通過(guò)化學(xué)合成來(lái)“喂養(yǎng)”管狀蠕蟲(chóng)的，記得嗎？我之前描述的化學(xué)反應(yīng)?
三、Biological community托福聽(tīng)力問(wèn)題：
Q1:1.Why does the professor discuss the exploration of hydrothermal vents?
A.To show how the exploration helped researchers to determine the composition of ocean water
B.To show how the exploration challenged an assumption about biological communities
C.To compare two competing theories concerning chemosynthesis
D.To compare the life cycle of underwater plants to the life cycle of underwater animals
Q2:2.What are three of the conditions of water near hydrothermal vents that made researchers think they would not find living organisms there?[Click on 3 answers.]
A.Extreme heat
B.Extreme pressure
C.Fast currents
D.Lack of minerals
E.Lack of sunlight
Q3:3.What does the professor imply about the researchers'reaction to the biological community discovered on the ocean floor?
A.They were surprised at the large variety of organisms living near hydrothermal vents.
B.They were surprised to find any bacteria living without sunlight.
C.They were disappointed at not finding any animal life.
D.They could not agree on the significance of the data that they collected.
Q4:4.According to the professor,what is the role of chemosynthesis in biological communities that are found near hydrothermal vents?
A.It enables organisms to convert hydrogen sulfide into food.
B.It enables organisms to convert tiny amounts of light into energy.
C.It enables organisms to withstand large amounts of carbon dioxide.
D.It enables organisms to regulate their temperature.
Q5:5.Why does the professor mention the bacteria that live inside a tube worm?
A.To give an example of organisms that pose a threat to tube worms
B.To explain what provides the organic material that tube worms use for energy
C.To give an example of other organisms that can withstand extreme heat
D.To give an example of organisms that are involved in both chemosynthesis and photosynthesis
Q6:6.What does the professor imply when she says this:
A.She will review information from the assigned chapter.
B.She will present additional information related to the assigned chapter.
C.The quiz on the assigned chapter will be longer than other quizzes.
D.The class has spent too much time on the assigned chapter.
四、Biological community托福聽(tīng)力答案：
A1:正確答案：B
A2:正確答案：ABE
A3:正確答案：A
A4:正確答案：A
A5:正確答案：B
A6:正確答案：B
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