劍橋雅思10 Test1 Passage1閱讀原文翻譯Stepwells印度階梯井
2024-04-03 10:08:43 來源：中國教育在線
劍橋雅思10 Test1 Passage1閱讀原文翻譯Stepwells印度階梯井，今天中國教育在線就來為大家分析這個問題。
Stepwells
印度階梯井
劍橋雅思10 Test1 Passage1閱讀原文翻譯
第1段
During the sixth and seventh centuries,the inhabitants of the modern-day states of Gujarat and Rajasthan in north-western India developed a method of gaining access to clean,fresh groundwater during the dry season for drinking,bathing,watering animals and irrigation.However,the significance of this invention–the stepwell–goes beyond its utilitarian application.
在公元六世紀和七世紀，現(xiàn)代印度西北部的古吉拉特邦和拉賈斯坦邦的居民開發(fā)了一種在旱季獲得清潔，新鮮的地下水以供飲用、沐浴、給動物飲水和灌溉的方法。但是，這一發(fā)明的意義（階梯井）遠不止于其功利性的應用。
第2段
Unique to this region,stepwells are often architecturally complex and vary widely in size and shape.During their heyday,they were places of gathering,of leisure and relaxation and of worship for villagers of all but the lowest classes.Most stepwells are found dotted round the desert areas of Gujarat(where they are called vav)and Rajasthan(where they are called baori),while a few also survive in Delhi.Some were located in or near villages as public spaces for the community;others were positioned beside roads as resting places for travellers.
階梯井是該地區(qū)獨有的，結(jié)構(gòu)上通常很復雜，大小和形狀差別很大。在它們的鼎盛時期，這里文章來自 雅思是除了最底層居民之外，所有村民聚會，休閑、放松和朝拜的地方。人們發(fā)現(xiàn)大多數(shù)階梯井都分布在古吉拉特邦（在這里被稱為vav）和拉賈斯坦邦（在這里它們被稱為baori）的沙漠地區(qū)周圍。在德里也有少數(shù)存在。其中一些位于村莊內(nèi)或附近，作為社區(qū)的公共空間；其他則被設置在道路旁，作為旅行者的休息場所。
第3段
As their name suggests,stepwells comprise a series of stone steps descending from ground level to the water source(normally an underground aquifer)as it recedes following the rains.When the water level was high,the user needed only to descend a few steps to reach it;when it was low,several levels would have to be negotiated.
顧名思義，由于水面會隨著雨水而消退，階梯井包括一系列從地面下到水源（通常為地下含水層）的臺階。當水位高時，用戶僅需往下走幾步即可達到。而當水位較低時，必須都走幾個臺階。
第4段
Some wells are vast,open craters with hundreds of steps paving each sloping side,often in tiers.Others are more elaborate,with long stepped passages leading to the water via several storeys.Built from stone and supported by pillars,they also included pavilions that sheltered visitors from the relentless heat.But perhaps the most impressive features are the intricate decorative sculptures that embellish many step wells,showing activities from fighting and dancing to everyday acts such as women combing their hair or churning butter.
一些水井的開口十分巨大，通常每個斜坡都有上百層臺階按階層分布。其他的則比較復雜，有長長的臺階通道穿過幾層樓通往水面。它們由石頭建成，并通過柱子支撐，包括能夠讓游客躲避炎熱的看臺。但也許是最令人印象深刻的特征是許多階梯井中都有著復雜的裝飾性雕塑，展示戰(zhàn)斗、跳舞、以及諸如女性梳理頭發(fā)和攪動黃油的日常活動。
第5段
Down the centuries,thousands of wells were constructed throughout northwestern India,but the majority have now fallen into disuse;many are derelict and dry,as groundwater has been diverted for industrial use and the wells no longer reach the water table.Their condition hasn’t been helped by recent dry spells:southern Rajasthan suffered an eight-year drought between 1996 and 2004.
幾個世紀以來，在印度的西北部建造了數(shù)千口水井，但現(xiàn)在大多數(shù)已經(jīng)廢棄。由于地下水被轉(zhuǎn)用于工業(yè)用途，水井不再能達到地下水水位，因此許多水井都已干涸。最近的干旱也加重了這一情況：拉賈斯坦邦南部在1996年至2004年間遭受了八年干旱。
第6段
However,some important sites in Gujarat have recently undergone major restoration,and the state government announced in June last year that it plans to restore the stepwells throughout the state.
然而，古吉拉特邦的一些重要水井最近進行了重大修復。州政府于去年6月份宣布，計劃恢復整個州的階梯井。
第7段
In Patan,the state’s ancient capital,the stepwell of Rani Ki Vav(Queen’s Stepwell)is perhaps the finest current example.It was built by Queen Udayamati during the late 11th century,but became silted up following a flood during the 13th century.But the Archaeological Survey of India began restoring it in the 1960s,and today it is in pristine condition.At 65 metres long,20 metres wide and 27 metres deep,Rani Ki Vav features 500 sculptures carved into niches throughout the monument.Incredibly,in January 2001,this ancient structure survived an earthquake that measured 7.6 on the Richter scale.
在該州的古都帕坦（Patan），Rani Ki Vav（Queen’s Stepwell）的階梯井也許是目前最好的例子。它是由烏達亞馬蒂女王（Queen Udayamati）在11世紀后期建造的，但在13世紀的洪水之后就被淤塞了。但是印度考古調(diào)查局于20世紀60年代開始對其進行修復，如今它已恢復到原始狀態(tài)。Rani Ki Vav長65米，寬20米，深27米。整個遺跡中擁有500座雕塑。令人難以置信的是，2001年1月，這座古建筑在里氏7.6級地震中幸存了下來。
第8段
Another example is the Surya Kund in Modhera,northern Gujarat,next to the Sun Temple,built by King Bhima I in 1026 to honour the sun god Surya.It actually resembles a tank(kund means reservoir or pond)rather than a well,but displays the hallmarks of stepwell architecture,including four sides of steps that descend to the bottom in a stunning geometrical formation.The terraces house 108 small,intricately carved shrines between the sets of steps.
另一個例子是位于古吉拉特邦北部Modhera的Surya Kund。它緊挨著由國王Bhima一世在1026為朝拜太陽神Surya而建造的太陽神神廟。它實際上類似于一個水箱（Kund的意思是水庫或池塘），而不是一個水井。但它顯示出階梯井的結(jié)構(gòu)特征，包括深入井底的，按照令人驚訝的幾何結(jié)構(gòu)所建立的四面臺階。臺階之間的露臺設置著108個小巧精致的神社。
第9段
Rajasthan also has a wealth of wells.The ancient city of Bundi,200 kilometres south of Jaipur,is renowned for its architecture,including its stepwells.One of the larger examples is Raniji Ki Baori,which was built by the queen of the region,Nathavatji,in 1699.At 46 meters deep,20 metres wide and 40 metres long,the intricately carved monument is one of 21 baoris commissioned in the Bundi area by Nathavatji.
拉賈斯坦邦也有豐富的水井。Jaipur南面200公里處的古城Bundi因其建筑而聞名，這其中就包括階梯井。一個較大的例子是Raniji Ki Baori。它由該地區(qū)的女王Nathavatji在1699年修建的。深46米，寬20米，長40米，它是Nathavatji在Bundi所修建的21個精致的建筑物之一。
第10段
In the old ruined town of Abhaneri,about 95 kilometers east of Jaipur,is Chand Baori,one of India’s oldest and deepest wells;aesthetically it’s perhaps one of the most dramatic.Built in around 850 AD next to the temple of Harshat Mata,the baori comprises hundreds of zigzagging steps that run along three of its sides,steeply descending 11 storeys,resulting in a striking pattern when seen from afar.On the fourth side,verandas which are supported by ornate pillars overlook the steps.
在Japipur以東約95公里處的古老廢墟小鎮(zhèn)阿布哈內(nèi)里內(nèi)（Abhaneri），坐落著印度最古老最深的水井之一，Chand Baori；從美學上講，它可能是最引人注目的一個。建于公元850年左右，位于Harshat Mata寺廟旁邊，該水井在三面分布著數(shù)百個曲折的臺階，下降11層的高度。從遠處看構(gòu)成令人驚訝的圖像。在第四面，由華麗支柱支撐的陽臺俯瞰著這些臺階。
第11段
Still in public use is Neemrana Ki Baoriy located just off the Jaipur-Delhi highway.Constructed in around 1700,it is nine storeys deep,with the last two being underwater.At ground level,there are 86 colonnaded openings from where the visitor descends 170 steps to the deepest water source.
Neemrana Ki Baoriy仍被公眾使用，就位于Jaipur-Delhi的高速公路旁。它建于1700年左右，深9層，最后兩層位于水下。在地面上，有86個柱廊開口，游客從那里可以向下走過170個臺階到達最深的水源。
第12段
Today,following years of neglect,many of these monuments to medieval engineering have been saved by the Archaeological Survey of India,which has recognised the importance of preserving them as part of the country’s rich history.Tourists flock to wells in far-flung corners of northwestern India to gaze in wonder at these architectural marvels from hundreds of years ago,which serve as a reminder of both the ingenuity and artistry of ancient civilisations and of the value of water to human existence.
如今，在多年的忽視之后，印度考古調(diào)查局拯救了許多中世紀工程遺跡。人們已經(jīng)意識到保存它們作為國家豐富歷史一部分的重要性。游客涌向位于印度西北部遙遠角落的水井，驚嘆于幾百年前的這些建筑奇觀。這既使人想起了古代文明的創(chuàng)造力和藝術性，也讓人明白水對人類生存的價值。
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