Homogeneous And Heterogeneous托福聽(tīng)力原文翻譯及問(wèn)題答案
2024-04-03 18:32:52 來(lái)源：中國(guó)教育在線
Homogeneous And Heterogeneous托福聽(tīng)力原文翻譯及問(wèn)題答案
一、Homogeneous And Heterogeneous 托福聽(tīng)力原文：
NARRATOR: Listen to part of a lecture in a chemistry class.
MALE PROFESSOR: So, just to sum up, matter is anything that has mass and volume, right? Anything that takes up space—and this includes solids, liquids and gases.And if we combine two portions of matter, we get a mixture.
Now, there are two main kinds of mixtures: homogeneous and heterogeneous. Uh maybe I should put this on the board. Whether a mixture is homogeneous or heterogeneous, well, this relates to the notion of “phase”.
Remember, we defined the word “phase” as being one physical state, whether solid, liquid or gas, that, well, that has distinct boundaries and uniform properties.
So, homogeneous mixtures, what are they?
OK, the prefix homo means “same”, so a homogeneous mixture is the same throughout; it contains only one phase. So if you put alcohol in water, the two liquids combine, they disperse into each other, and you can't perceive any boundary between the two any longer. So the mixture contains only one phase—even though two phases went into it—it now contains one phase and we can't detect any boundary between the water and the alcohol once they're mixed together; the two portions combine to form a single phase.
Now, if homogeneous mixtures are ones that are the same throughout, then what do you suppose heterogeneous mixtures are? Right. Mixtures that are different throughout.
If you mix oil and water together, the mixture contains two liquid phases because the oil will float on top of the water because of oil's lower density. They're not going to mix together like alcohol and water do. You can see the boundary between them, and in fact they’re mechanically separable.
The same is true for soil, which is a mixture of solid materials. So if you look closely at a sample of soil, you're gonna see bits of sand, some black matter, maybe even pieces of vegetation. Since you can see all the different components, detect distinct boundaries, we've got multiple phases; and in fact you can pick out the components, the various portions can be mechanically separated.
Now, with some heterogeneous mixtures you can see the different phases with the naked eye.
But that's not so for all of them… like smoke. Actually, that's a good example, because to the naked eye it looks uniform, like it's a single phase. But if you magnify it, you can see that there are tiny solid and liquid particles suspended in the air. So actually, what you’ve got in smoke are three, three phases—solid, liquid and gas, which you can separate by the process of filtration.
Another example, uh dirty water. Ok?
Dirty water is water that has suspended solid matter in it. That can be filtered too. Pass it through a filter and the dirt and whatever else is in there will stay behind on the filter paper, and the clean water will pass through it. Again, depending on the size of the particles in the water, you might need magnification to see them, but even so, they can be detected, the boundaries are detectable, so multiple phases, ok?
Homogeneous mixtures, on the other hand, well, no amount of magnification could reveal a detectable boundary between the components. The mixing extends all the way to the fundamental particle level. And we use the term “solution” to refer to these single phase, homogeneous mixtures...
When salt’s dissolved in water, no amount of magnification is going to show you separate pieces of salt, there are no detectable boundaries between salt and water—so it's a solution.
Even so, what you can do with solutions is separate the parts by a process called distillation. If you distill salt water, water gets boiled away from the solution, and only the salt remains behind. And in your next lab, actually, we'll be using these processes, distillation and filtration, to show how we can separate the different parts of some mixtures.
Now, there are other ways that we can describe mixtures, and one of these is by properties, uh, variable properties.
A real simple example of this is the taste and color of a cup of coffee. The more coffee that's dissolved in the water, the stronger the taste of the coffee, and the darker the color—the darker the solution. So color and taste, these are two variable properties. And these variable properties, they vary of course, because of the relative amounts of the components and the melting or freezing points of liquids, too. A solution of salt water, for example, will have a different freezing point depending on how much salt is dissolved in the water.
二、Homogeneous And Heterogeneous 托福聽(tīng)力中文翻譯：
旁白：在化學(xué)課上聽(tīng)一節(jié)課的一部分。
男教授：所以，總而言之，物質(zhì)是任何有質(zhì)量和體積的東西，對(duì)嗎？任何占據(jù)空間的東西，包括固體、液體和氣體。如果我們把兩部分物質(zhì)結(jié)合在一起，我們就得到了混合物。
現(xiàn)在，主要有兩種混合物：均相和非均相。呃，也許我應(yīng)該把這個(gè)寫在黑板上。無(wú)論混合物是均質(zhì)的還是非均質(zhì)的，這都與“相”的概念有關(guān)。
記住，我們將“相”定義為一種物理狀態(tài)，無(wú)論是固態(tài)、液態(tài)還是氣態(tài)，都有明顯的邊界和統(tǒng)一的性質(zhì)。
那么，均質(zhì)混合物是什么？
好的，前綴homo的意思是“相同”，所以均質(zhì)混合物在整個(gè)過(guò)程中都是相同的；它只包含一個(gè)階段。因此，如果你把酒精放在水中，這兩種液體會(huì)結(jié)合，它們會(huì)相互分散，你再也看不到兩者之間的界限了。所以混合物只包含一個(gè)相，即使有兩個(gè)相進(jìn)入其中，它現(xiàn)在包含一個(gè)相，一旦水和酒精混合在一起，我們就無(wú)法檢測(cè)到它們之間的任何邊界；這兩部分結(jié)合形成單相。
現(xiàn)在，如果均勻的混合物是整個(gè)過(guò)程都相同的，那么你認(rèn)為不均勻的混合物是什么？正當(dāng)不同的混合物。
如果你把油和水混合在一起，混合物包含兩個(gè)液相，因?yàn)橛偷拿芏容^低，油會(huì)浮在水面上。它們不會(huì)像酒精和水那樣混合在一起。你可以看到它們之間的邊界，事實(shí)上它們?cè)跈C(jī)械上是可分離的。
土壤也是如此，它是固體材料的混合物。所以如果你仔細(xì)觀察土壤樣本，你會(huì)看到一些沙子，一些黑色物質(zhì)，甚至可能是一些植被。因?yàn)槟憧梢钥吹剿胁煌慕M件，檢測(cè)不同的邊界，我們有多個(gè)階段；事實(shí)上，你可以挑選出組件，不同的部分可以機(jī)械地分開(kāi)。
現(xiàn)在，對(duì)于一些非均質(zhì)混合物，你可以用肉眼看到不同的相。
但并非所有人都是如此……就像煙一樣。事實(shí)上，這是一個(gè)很好的例子，因?yàn)樵谌庋劭磥?lái)它是均勻的，就像是單相。但是如果你放大它，你可以看到空氣中懸浮著微小的固體和液體顆粒。事實(shí)上，煙霧中含有三相固體、液體和氣體，可以通過(guò)過(guò)濾過(guò)程將其分離。
另一個(gè)例子，呃，臟水。好啊
臟水是含有懸浮固體物質(zhì)的水。也可以對(duì)其進(jìn)行過(guò)濾。通過(guò)一個(gè)過(guò)濾器，灰塵和其他任何東西都會(huì)留在濾紙上，干凈的水也會(huì)通過(guò)。同樣，根據(jù)水中粒子的大小，你可能需要放大才能看到它們，但即使這樣，它們也可以被檢測(cè)到，邊界是可檢測(cè)的，所以多個(gè)相位，好嗎？
另一方面，均質(zhì)混合物，無(wú)論放大多少，都無(wú)法顯示組分之間的可檢測(cè)邊界?；旌弦恢毖由斓交玖Ｗ铀?。我們用“溶液”一詞來(lái)指這些單相均勻混合物。。。
當(dāng)鹽溶解在水中時(shí)，再大的放大倍數(shù)也無(wú)法顯示出鹽的各個(gè)部分，鹽和水之間沒(méi)有可檢測(cè)的邊界，所以它是一種溶液。
即便如此，你能用溶液做的就是通過(guò)一種叫做蒸餾的過(guò)程來(lái)分離零件。如果你蒸餾鹽水，水就會(huì)從溶液中煮開(kāi)，只剩下鹽。在你的下一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)室，實(shí)際上，我們將使用這些過(guò)程，蒸餾和過(guò)濾，來(lái)展示我們?nèi)绾畏蛛x一些混合物的不同部分。
現(xiàn)在，我們還有其他方法可以描述混合物，其中之一是通過(guò)性質(zhì)，呃，可變性質(zhì)。
一杯咖啡的味道和顏色就是一個(gè)很簡(jiǎn)單的例子。在水中溶解的咖啡越多，咖啡的味道越濃，顏色越深，溶液越深。所以顏色和味道，這是兩個(gè)可變的屬性。當(dāng)然，由于組分的相對(duì)含量以及液體的熔點(diǎn)或冰點(diǎn)，這些可變性質(zhì)也會(huì)有所不同。例如，鹽水溶液的冰點(diǎn)會(huì)有所不同，這取決于水中溶解的鹽量。
三、Homogeneous And Heterogeneous 托福聽(tīng)力問(wèn)題：
Q1:1.What does the professor mainly discuss?
A. Characteristics of different types of mixtures?
B. Differences between mixtures and solutions
C. Ways of separating components of mixtures
D. Identifying variable properties of solutions
Q2:2.In the lecture, the professor gives examples of homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures. For each mixture below, indicate which kind it is.
Homogeneous
Heterogeneous
Dirty water
Salt water
Smoke
Soil
Q3:What is one basis for classifying a mixture as homogeneous or heterogeneous?
A. Whether its component parts are the same type of matter
B. Whether its component parts are present in equal proportions
C. Whether it contains one phase or more than one phase
D. Whether it appears, without magnification, to contain a single component
Q4:4.What can be inferred from the lecture about the process of distillation?
A. It cannot be used if a mixture has variable properties.
B. It can be used to separate the components of homogeneous mixtures.
C. It is used to change heterogeneous mixtures Into homogeneous mixtures.
D. It is a more efficient way of separating components of heterogeneous mixtures than filtration.
Q5:5.Why does the professor mention the freezing point of a mixture?
A. To explain why salt dissolves in water
B. To emphasize that mixtures can exist in a frozen state
C. To show how filtration and distillation differ
D. To give an example of a variable property of mixtures
Q6:6.What does the professor imply when he says this: (PROFESSOR) Then what do you suppose heterogeneous mixtures are?
A. He wants to correct a statement he made previously.
B. He is uncertain whether the students understood his explanation.
C. The meaning of a term should be obvious to the students.
D. The students are probably unaware that they have already seen examples of heterogeneous mixtures.
四、Homogeneous And Heterogeneous
A1:正確答案：A
A2:正確答案：BABB
A3:正確答案：C
A4:正確答案：B
A5:正確答案：D
A6:正確答案：C
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