劍橋雅思5test4passage2閱讀原文翻譯
2024-04-04 17:12:16 來源：中國教育在線
雅思真題5test4passage2閱讀的標題為Flawed Beauty:the problem with toughened glass鋼化玻璃的問題，如標題，說明的內(nèi)容即就是有關(guān)鋼化玻璃的內(nèi)容，下面小編就來分享該篇閱讀的翻譯，一起來了解吧。
雅思真題5test4passage2閱讀原文翻譯
第1自然段
On 2nd August 1999,a particularly hot day in the town of Cirencester in the UK,a large pane of toughened glass in the roof of a shopping centre at Bishops Walk shattered without warning and fell from its frame.When fragments were analysed by experts at the giant glass manufacturer Pilkington,which had made the pane,they found that minute crystals of nickel sulphide trapped inside the glass had almost certainly caused the failure.
1999年8月2日，英國Cirencester鎮(zhèn)正經(jīng)歷極其炎熱的一天。在沒有任何警示的情況下，一大塊鋼化玻璃突然破裂，并從位于主教大道的購物中心屋頂脫落。制作該窗戶的大型玻璃制造商Pilkington的專家對碎片進行了分析后，發(fā)現(xiàn)幾乎可以肯定的是，玻璃中截留的硫化鎳微小晶體導致了這一故障。
第2自然段
‘The glass industry is aware of the issue,’says Brian Waldron,chairman of the standards committee at the Glass and Glazing Federation,a British trade association,and standards development officer at Pilkington.But he insists that cases are few and far between.‘It’s a very rare phenomenon,’he says.
英國貿(mào)易協(xié)會玻璃聯(lián)合會標準委員會主席，同時也是Pikington標準制定官員的Brian Waldron說，玻璃行業(yè)已經(jīng)意識到了這個問題。但是他堅持認為案件很少而且相差不大。他說，這是一種非常罕見的現(xiàn)象。
第3自然段
Others disagree.‘On average I see about one or two buildings a month suffering from nickel sulphide related failures,’says Barrie Josie,a consultant engineer involved in the Bishops Walk investigation.Other experts tell of similar experiences.Tony Wilmott of London-based consulting engineers Sandberg,and Simon Armstrong at CladTech Associates in Hampshire both say they know of hundreds of cases.‘What you hear is only the tip of the iceberg,’says Trevor Ford,a glass expert at Resolve Engineering in Brisbane,Queensland.He believes the reason is simple:‘No-one wants bad press.’
其他人不同意。參與主教大道調(diào)查的顧問工程師巴里·喬西(Barrie Josie)表示：“平均而言，我每個月都能看到大約一兩個建筑物遭受與硫化鎳有關(guān)的故障?！逼渌麑＜抑v述了類似的經(jīng)歷。倫敦咨詢工程師Sandberg的Tony Wilmott和漢普郡的CladTech Associates的Simon Armstrong都說他們知道數(shù)百起案件?！澳懵牭降膬H僅是冰山一角，”特雷弗·福特說。他是昆士蘭州布里斯班Resolve Engineering公司的玻璃專家。他認為原因很簡單：“沒有人想要壞新聞?！?/p>
第4自然段
Toughened glass is found everywhere,from cars and bus shelters to the windows,walls and roofs of thousands of buildings around the world.It’s easy to see why.This glass has five times the strength of standard glass,and when it does break it shatters into tiny cubes rather than large,razor-sharp shards.Architects love it because large panels can be bolted together to make transparent walls,and turning it into ceilings and floors is almost as easy.
鋼化玻璃隨處可見，從轎車和公交車站到世界各地成千上萬的建筑物的窗戶，墻壁與屋頂。很容易明白為什么。這種玻璃的強度是標準玻璃的五倍。一旦破裂，它會碎成微小的立方體，而不是大而鋒利的碎片。建筑師之所以喜歡它，是因為可以將大塊的玻璃固定在一起以形成透明的墻，而將其變成天花板和地板幾乎同樣容易。
第5自然段
It is made by heating a sheet of ordinary glass to about 620℃to soften it slightly,allowing its structure to expand,and then cooling it rapidly with jets of cold air.This causes the outer layer of the pane to contract and solidify before the interior.When the interior finally solidifies and shrinks,it exerts a pull on the outer layer that leaves it in permanent compression and produces a tensile force inside the glass.As cracks propagate best in materials under tension,the compressive force on the surface must be overcome before the pane will break,making it more resistant to cracking.
它是通過將一片普通玻璃加熱到620℃使其略微軟化，結(jié)構(gòu)膨脹，然后用冷空氣迅速冷卻而制成的。這導致窗格玻璃的外層在內(nèi)部之前收縮和固化。當內(nèi)部最終固化并收縮時，它會在外層上施加拉力，使它處于壓縮狀態(tài)，并在玻璃內(nèi)部產(chǎn)生張力。由于裂紋在張力下在材料中傳播最好，因此必須在玻璃破裂之前克服表面上的壓縮力，以使其更抗破裂。、
第6自然段
The problem starts when glass contains nickel sulphide impurities.Trace amounts of nickel and sulphur are usually present in the raw materials used to make glass,and nickel can also be introduced by fragments of nickel alloys falling into the molten glass.As the glass is heated,these atoms react to form tiny crystals of nickel sulphide.Just a tenth of a gram of nickel in the furnace can create up to 50,000 crystals.
當玻璃中含有硫化鎳雜質(zhì)時，問題就開始了。微量的鎳和硫通常存在于制造玻璃的原材料中，而且鎳也可以通過落入熔融玻璃中的鎳合金碎片進入其中。隨著玻璃的加熱，這些原子反應(yīng)形成硫化鎳的微小晶體。熔爐中僅十分之一克的鎳就能產(chǎn)生多達50,000個晶體。
第7自然段
These crystals can exist in two forms:a dense form called the alpha phase,which is stable at high temperatures,and a less dense form called the beta phase,which is stable at room temperatures.The high temperatures used in the toughening process convert all the crystals to the dense,compact alpha form.But the subsequent cooling is so rapid that the crystals don’t have time to change back to the beta phase.This leaves unstable alpha crystals in the glass,primed like a coiled spring,ready to revert to the beta phase without warning.
這些晶體可以以兩種形式存在：一種稱為α相的致密形式，在高溫下穩(wěn)定;一種稱為β相的致密性較低的形式，在室溫下穩(wěn)定。硬化過程中使用的高溫將所有晶體轉(zhuǎn)化為緊縮、致密的α形式。但是隨后的冷卻如此之快，以至于晶體沒有時間變回β相。這會在玻璃中留下不穩(wěn)定的α晶體，就像盤繞的彈簧一樣隨時會恢復(fù)到β相，而不會發(fā)出警告。
第8自然段
When this happens,the crystals expand by up to 4%.And if they are within the central,tensile region of the pane,the stresses this unleashes can shatter the whole sheet.The time that elapses before failure occurs is unpredictable.It could happen just months after manufacture,or decades later,although if the glass is heated–by sunlight,for example–the process is speeded up.Ironically,says Graham Dodd,of consulting engineers Arup in London,the oldest pane of toughened glass known to have failed due to nickel sulphide inclusions was in Pilkington’s glass research building in Lathom,Lancashire.The pane was 27 years old.
發(fā)生這種情況時，晶體最多會膨脹4%。如果它們在玻璃板的中央張力區(qū)域內(nèi)，釋放出來的應(yīng)力會破壞整塊玻璃板。故障發(fā)生之前的時間長短是無法預(yù)測的。它可能在制造后的幾個月內(nèi)發(fā)生，也可能在幾十年后發(fā)生，盡管玻璃被加熱的話，過程會加快(比如在陽光照射下升溫)。具有諷刺意味的是，倫敦咨詢公司Arup的格雷厄姆·多德(Graham Dodd)表示，最古老的因硫化鎳夾雜而失效的鋼化玻璃窗格，位于Lancashire，Lathom，Pikington的玻璃研究中心。當時它已經(jīng)有27年的歷史
第9自然段
Data showing the scale of the nickel sulphide problem is almost impossible to find.The picture is made more complicated by the fact that these crystals occur in batches.So even if,on average,there is only one inclusion in 7 tonnes of glass,if you experience one nickel sulphide failure in your building,that probably means you’ve got a problem in more than one pane.Josie says that in the last decade he has worked on over 15 buildings with the number of failures into double figures.
幾乎不可能找到硫化鎳問題規(guī)模的相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)。這些晶體成批出現(xiàn)，使情況變得更加復(fù)雜。因此，即使平均而言，在7噸玻璃中只有一塊包含一雜質(zhì)，如果你在建筑物中遇到一次硫化鎳失效的情況，那可能意味著在不止一塊玻璃存在問題。喬西說，在過去的十年中，他對超過15座建筑進行研究，失敗的數(shù)量達到了兩位數(shù)。
第10自然段
One of the worst examples of this is Waterfront Place,which was completed in 1990.Over the following decade the 40-storey Brisbane block suffered a rash of failures.Eighty panes of its toughened glass shattered due to inclusions before experts were finally called in.John Barry,an expert in nickel sulphide contamination at the University of Queensland,analysed every glass pane in the building.Using a studio camera,a photographer went up in a cradle to take photos of every pane.These were scanned under a modified microfiche reader for signs of nickel sulphide crystals.‘We discovered at least another 120 panes with potentially dangerous inclusions which were then replaced,’says Barry.‘It was a very expensive and time-consuming process that took around six months to complete.’Though the project cost A$1.6 million(nearly￡700,000),the alternative–re-cladding the entire building–would have cost ten times as much.
最糟糕的例子之一是1990年建成的海濱廣場(Waterfront Place)。在隨后的十年中，布里斯班40層高的大樓遭受了多次事故。在專家最終被召集過來之前，其八十塊玻璃鋼化玻璃都因為雜質(zhì)而破裂了。約翰·巴里，昆士蘭硫化物污染專家，分析了建筑的每個玻璃面板。攝影師在圍欄里用攝影棚的照相機為每塊窗格拍照。這些在改進的微縮膠片閱讀器上進行掃描以尋找硫化鎳晶體跡象。巴里說：“我們至少發(fā)現(xiàn)了120塊帶有潛在危險雜質(zhì)的玻璃，然后將其更換。這是一個非常昂貴而且耗時的過程，大約需要六個月才能完成?！彪m然工程高達160萬澳元(約合700,000英鎊)，其替代方案-重新覆蓋整個建筑物-成本將是這的十倍。
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