Harriet Morrison Irwin托福聽力原文翻譯及問題答案
2024-04-22 10:13:02 來源：中國教育在線
Harriet Morrison Irwin托福聽力原文翻譯及問題答案
一、Harriet Morrison Irwin托福聽力原文：
NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in an architectural history class.MALE PROFESSOR:So last week we started our unit on residential architecture in the United States.So today we'll be surveying a number of architects who made contributions to residential architecture in the 19th century.
Now,it's worth noting that people who designed homes at that time probably had to deal with a certain amount of discouragement.Since there were other architects who thought it was more respectable to design the kind of buildings and maybe other structures that were less...less utilitarian in their function.In fact,an article from an 1876 issue of a journal called The American Architect and Building News stated that—and this is a quote—they stated that"the planning of houses isn't architecture at all..."!
So keep that journal article in mind as we look at the work of an architect named Harriet Morrison Irwin.Harriet Morrison Irwin was from the South,born in North Carolina in 1828.At the time,there weren't many architects from the southern United States.And as you might imagine,very few of them were women.So Irwin was really a pretty exceptional case.And she wasn't even formally trained as an architect.Her educational background was in literature.Yes,Vicky?FEMALE STUDENT:So she just had,like,a natural gift for architecture?MALE PROFESSOR:Yes.She was actually a writer for several years.But she did have a penchant for math and engineering,so...she read a lot about it on her own.Um,especially the architectural essays written by the British critic,John Ruskin.And John Ruskin believed...what?FEMALE STUDENT:Um,that buildings should have a lot of access to the outdoors,to nature.Ruskin said that being close to nature was great for people's mental and physical health.MALE PROFESSOR:Right!So that was an influence.Now,Harriet Irwin's contribution to architecture was relatively minor but still quite interesting and unique.She designed a house with a hexagonal shape.Josh?MALE STUDENT:A house with six sides...Instead of the standard,you know,four-sided home?MALE PROFESSOR:Yeah.The rooms inside the house were also hexagonal,six-sided.So one important thing was that the rooms were arranged around a chimney in the center of the house,which could provide heat for the whole house through flues,uh,small air passageways into each room,as opposed to having a fireplace in every room,which would require more cleaning and make the air inside the house dirtier.The house's shape also allowed for more windows.Each room had a large wall that could fit a couple of big windows,giving every room a nice view of the outdoors.
FEMALE STUDENT:Plus there would be good airflow through the house.MALE PROFESSOR:Yes.In warm weather when you can open all the windows.Good.The doors to the house as well...um,the house didn't have a"main entrance"or any horneds.So,there could be a couple of entry doors in different places,which like the windows,provided ready access to the outdoors.So,what other advantages might there be to hexagonal rooms?OK.Think about cleaning.What part of a room is usually the hardest to clean,like,to sweep with a broom?MALE STUDENT:Oh...the corners!Because in square or rectangular rooms,the corners are at ninety-degree angles.It's hard to reach all the dust that gathers in the corners.But if Irwin's rooms were closer to a circle than a square,it would be easier to reach all the dust and dirt with a broom.Right?MALE PROFESSOR:Exactly.Now...um,biographers who wrote about Irwin in the 19th century,I feel,sort of downplayed the ingenuity of her design.But I think if she had designed this house today,the same biographers would praise her for coming up with a floor plan that emphasized function,efficient function of a house,as well as a design that's creative and unique.
In any cases,three houses were built in Irwin's time that used her hexagonal design.And in 1869,when she was 41,Irwin became the first woman in the United States to receive a patent for an architectural design.And that speaks volumes if you ask me.
二、Harriet Morrison Irwin托福聽力中文翻譯：
旁白：請聽一節(jié)建筑歷史課的部分講座。男教授：上周我們在美國開始了我們的住宅建筑單元。所以今天我們將調(diào)查一些19世紀對住宅建筑做出貢獻的建筑師。
現(xiàn)在，值得注意的是，當(dāng)時設(shè)計房屋的人可能不得不面對一定程度的挫折。因為還有其他建筑師認為設(shè)計這種建筑更值得尊敬，也許其他結(jié)構(gòu)在功能上不那幺實用。事實上，1876年一期名為《美國建筑師與建筑新聞》的雜志上的一篇文章指出，這是他們引用的一句話，“房屋的規(guī)劃根本不是建筑……”！
因此，當(dāng)我們看到一位名叫哈里特·莫里森·歐文的建筑師的作品時，請記住這篇雜志文章。哈里特·莫里森·歐文（Harriet Morrison Irwin）來自南方，1828年出生于北卡羅來納州。當(dāng)時，美國南部的建筑師并不多。正如你所想象的，她們中很少有女性。所以歐文確實是一個非常特殊的案例。她甚至沒有受過正式的建筑師培訓(xùn)。她的教育背景是文學(xué)。是的，維姬？女學(xué)生：所以她就有了建筑天賦？男教授：是的。事實上，她已經(jīng)當(dāng)了幾年作家。但她確實對數(shù)學(xué)和工程有興趣所以…她自己讀了很多關(guān)于它的書。嗯，特別是英國評論家約翰·羅斯金寫的建筑論文。約翰·羅斯金相信…什么？女學(xué)生：嗯，建筑物應(yīng)該有很多通向戶外和大自然的通道。拉斯金說，親近自然對人們的身心健康非常有益。男教授：對！所以這是一種影響。現(xiàn)在，哈里特·歐文對建筑的貢獻相對較小，但仍然非常有趣和獨特。她設(shè)計了一座六邊形的房子。喬希？男學(xué)生：有六個邊的房子…而不是標準的，你知道，四個邊的家？男教授：是的。房子里的房間也是六邊形的。所以一件重要的事情是，房間被布置在房子中心的煙囪周圍，它可以通過煙道，呃，進入每個房間的小空氣通道為整個房子提供熱量，而不是每個房間都有壁爐，這需要更多的清潔，使房子內(nèi)的空氣更臟。房子的形狀也允許更多的窗戶。每個房間都有一面大墻，可以裝上幾扇大窗戶，讓每個房間都能看到室外的美景。
女學(xué)生：另外，房子里會有很好的氣流。男教授：是的。在溫暖的天氣下，你可以打開所有的窗戶。好的房子的門…嗯，房子沒有“正門”或走廊。因此，在不同的地方可能會有幾個入口門，像窗戶一樣，可以隨時進入室外。那么，六邊形房間還有什么其他優(yōu)勢呢？好的，考慮一下清潔。房間的哪一部分通常最難打掃，比如用掃帚打掃？男學(xué)生：哦……角落！因為在正方形或矩形房間中，角是90度角。很難接觸到角落里聚集的灰塵。但如果歐文的房間更接近圓形而不是正方形，那么用掃帚掃除灰塵和污垢就更容易了。正當(dāng)男教授：沒錯?，F(xiàn)在…嗯，我覺得19世紀寫歐文的傳記作者有點低估了她的設(shè)計的獨創(chuàng)性。但我認為，如果她今天設(shè)計了這座房子，同樣的傳記作者也會稱贊她提出了一個強調(diào)功能的平面圖，一座房子的高效功能，以及一個創(chuàng)造性和獨特的設(shè)計。
在任何情況下，歐文時代建造的三座房屋都采用了她的六邊形設(shè)計。1869年，41歲的歐文成為美國第一位獲得建筑設(shè)計專利的女性。如果你問我的話，這很有意義。
三、Harriet Morrison Irwin托福聽力問題：
Q1:1.What are the speakers mainly discussing?
A.An architect from the United States and a house design she created
B.The disadvantage of houses based on a square design
C.Difficulties faced by residential architects in the nineteenth century
D.Women who had a major influence on architecture in the United States
Q2:2.Why does the professor quote from the journal The American Architect and Building News?
A.To point out a source of biographical information about Harriet Morrison Irwin
B.To emphasize his point that there were few southern U.S.architects in the nineteenth century
C.To support his assertion that nineteenth-century residential architects did not get enough respect
D.To point out that interest in southern U.S.architecture increased during the nineteenth century
Q3:3.What does the professor say about Irwin’s education in architecture?
A.She acquired knowledge through independent study.
B.She studied with an architect who helped her patent her design.
C.She was trained in architecture starting at a young age.
D.She was the first woman in the United States to attend architecture school.
Q4:4.What feature of Irwin’s design shows the influence of John Ruskin?
A.The size of the rooms
B.The length and shape of the horneds
C.The main entrance of the house
D.The placement of windows and doors
Q5:5.According to the professor,what interior features of the house Irwin designed were especially beneficial?[Click on 2answers.]
A.Circular rooms with windows in the ceiling
B.Floors that were easy to clean
C.A large,spacious common area
D.A single-fireplace system that heated the entire house
Q6:6.What does the professor imply about Irwin’s nineteenth-century biographers?
A.They were probably envious of her success.
B.They did not sufficiently value function in residential architecture.
C.They did not know much about architects from the southern United States.
D.They understood the difficulties faced by women architects.
四、Harriet Morrison Irwin托福聽力答案：
A1:正確答案：A
A2:正確答案：C
A3:正確答案：A
A4:正確答案：D
A5:正確答案：BD
A6:正確答案：B
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