專業(yè)|關(guān)于美國(guó)公共衛(wèi)生專業(yè)

隨著人們經(jīng)濟(jì)水平的提高，對(duì)于很多家庭來(lái)說(shuō)，留學(xué)不再是一個(gè)可望而不可及的事情，許多人都想要留學(xué)，那其中專業(yè)|關(guān)于美國(guó)公共衛(wèi)生專業(yè)？針對(duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題，下面中國(guó)教育在線小編就來(lái)和大家分享一下。

一、公共衛(wèi)生是什么?

公共衛(wèi)生的定義

公共衛(wèi)生是通過(guò)組織社區(qū)資源，為公眾提供疾病預(yù)防和促進(jìn)健康的一門管理學(xué)，它使用預(yù)防醫(yī)學(xué)、健康促進(jìn)、環(huán)境衛(wèi)生、社會(huì)科學(xué)等技術(shù)和手段。公共衛(wèi)生體系由國(guó)際公共衛(wèi)生組織、國(guó)家公共衛(wèi)生組織、地方公共衛(wèi)生組織和社區(qū)公共衛(wèi)生組織組成。

HSPH的分類:

EnvironmentalHealth

? Biostatistics

? BehavioralScience/Health Education

? Epidemiology

? HealthServices Administration/Management

? Maternal andChild Health

? Nutrition

? International/GlobalHealth

? PublicHealth Laboratory Practice

? Public HealthPolicy

? Public HealthPractice

Overall, public health is concerned with protecting the health of entire populations. These populations can be as small as a local neighborhood, or as big as an entire country.

公共衛(wèi)生涉及的學(xué)科知識(shí):

? 流行病學(xué) Epidemiology

? 預(yù)防醫(yī)學(xué) Preventive Medicine

? 生物統(tǒng)計(jì) Biostatistics

? 環(huán)境衛(wèi)生 Environmental Health

? 職業(yè)衛(wèi)生 Occupational Health

? 衛(wèi)生政策 Health Policies

? 醫(yī)學(xué)管理 Medical Management

? 組織與機(jī)構(gòu)

1. 按組織劃分

國(guó)際公共衛(wèi)生組織。通過(guò)參加組織、加入?yún)f(xié)約與公約等形式，指導(dǎo)、監(jiān)督、協(xié)調(diào)各個(gè)國(guó)家與地區(qū)的公共衛(wèi)生工作。如世界衛(wèi)生組織、綠色和平和世界自然基金會(huì)等等。

國(guó)家或地區(qū)(及地方)公共衛(wèi)生組織。作為政府行政管理機(jī)構(gòu)，代表政府提供公共衛(wèi)生服務(wù)，共同發(fā)揮支柱作用。如衛(wèi)生部門(U.S. Department of Health and Human Services，分支機(jī)構(gòu)如CDC-Center for Disease Control)、勞工與保障部門(U.S. Department of Labor)、國(guó)土與環(huán)境部門和規(guī)劃與發(fā)展部門等。

按職能與職責(zé)劃分

衛(wèi)生保健提供者。如醫(yī)院、社區(qū)健康服務(wù)中心、精神衛(wèi)生組織、實(shí)驗(yàn)(檢驗(yàn))中心、護(hù)理院，主要提供預(yù)防、診斷、康復(fù)和護(hù)理服務(wù)。

公共安全組織。如警察局、消防隊(duì)、醫(yī)療急救中心，預(yù)防處理緊急傷害和公共衛(wèi)生事件。

環(huán)境保護(hù)、勞動(dòng)保護(hù)和食品安全機(jī)構(gòu)。作為執(zhí)法部門，監(jiān)督和保障安全的生存環(huán)境、保障人群健康。

文化、教育、體育機(jī)構(gòu)。為社區(qū)提供促進(jìn)健康的精神環(huán)境和物質(zhì)環(huán)境。

民政、慈善組織。為弱勢(shì)人群包括失能人士、低收入人士和獨(dú)居及高齡人士提供政策與物質(zhì)支持。

按人群劃分

兒童疾病與死亡

孕產(chǎn)婦疾病與死亡

老年人生活質(zhì)量

按健康問(wèn)題劃分

傳染?。篠ARS、禽流感、流感、瘋牛癥、艾滋病 登革熱

慢性非傳染性疾?。耗[瘤、糖尿病、高血壓

意外傷害：車禍

不良健康行為：吸煙、飲酒 吸毒 不安全的性行為

精神及心理衛(wèi)生:憂郁癥

一、 公共衛(wèi)生院系設(shè)置介紹

在美國(guó), 并不是所有的大學(xué)都有公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院或者相關(guān)專業(yè)，特別是獨(dú)立的公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院，往往在一個(gè)州中僅有1到2個(gè)大學(xué)具備較大的完整的院系設(shè)立。而正是這1到2個(gè)大學(xué)的公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院承擔(dān)了與本州衛(wèi)生部門共同進(jìn)行的疾病預(yù)防﹑健康教育﹑環(huán)境衛(wèi)生等一系列重大事件的規(guī)劃與執(zhí)行。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，獨(dú)立的公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院有以下分系：衛(wèi)生統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)(Biostatistics)﹑流行病學(xué)(Epidemiology)社區(qū)與健康教育學(xué)(Community And Health Education)﹑衛(wèi)生政策與管理學(xué)(Health Policies And Administrations)﹑環(huán)境與職業(yè)病衛(wèi)生學(xué)(Environmental And Occupational Health)。

以Harvard School of Public Health為例，其下設(shè)的方向和學(xué)位包括有：

Department of Biostatistics

SM (42.5-credit, 60-credit, and 80-credit programs), PhD

Department of Environmental Health

Exposure, epidemiology, and risk: SM (42.5-credit and 80-credit programs, including 80-credit program in industrial hygiene), SD

Molecular and integrative physiological sciences: SD, PhD (through the Division of Biological Sciences)

Occupational health (including programs with Simmons College): MOH, SM (42.5-credit and 80-credit programs), SD, DPH

Department of Epidemiology

SM (42.5-credit and 80-credit programs), SD, DPH

Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases

PhD (through the Division of Biological Sciences)

Department of Global Health and Population

SM (80-credit program), SD, DPH

Department of Health Policy and Management

SM (42.5-credit and 80-credit programs), SD

Health care management (part-time, nonresidential): SM (42.5-credit program)

Health policy: PhD (through university program)

Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases

SD, PhD (through the Division of Biological Sciences)

Department of Nutrition

Nutritional epidemiology, public health nutrition: SD, DPH

PhD (through the Division of Biological Sciences)

Department of Society, Human Development, and Health (including joint programs with Simmons College)

SM (42.5-credit and 80-credit programs), SD, DPH

Health communication: SM (80-credit program), SD, DPH

Maternal and child health: SM (42.5-credit and 80-credit programs), SD, DPH

Master of Public Health Program

Clinical effectiveness, family and community health, health care management and policy, international health, law and public health, occupational and environmental health, quantitative methods: MPH

Combined MD-MPH

Joint JD-MPH (for Harvard law students only)

Definition of Terms

DPH Doctor of public health

MOH Master of occupational health

MPH Master of public health

PhD Doctor of philosophy

SD Doctor of science

SM Master of science

二、公共衛(wèi)生教育

申請(qǐng)的要求：

從HSPH和JHSPH的申請(qǐng)要求上，我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，這些公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院對(duì)申請(qǐng)的要求，1)至少需要具備本科學(xué)歷;

就是不同的學(xué)院、專業(yè)方向和學(xué)位，對(duì)申請(qǐng)者都有某一個(gè)和數(shù)個(gè)方面的特殊要求

學(xué)分越少的Program，對(duì)申請(qǐng)人的要求越苛刻。

The Departments of Biostatistics and Epidemiology will review applicants holding a minimum of a bachelor’s degree for the master of science 80 credit or the doctoral program (PhD or SD, respectively).

The Departments of Environmental Health; Global Health and Population (formerly Population and International Health);Health Policy and Management; Nutrition; and Society, Human Development, and Health may consider applicants with a minimum of a bachelor’s degree, however, most successful candidates have some relevant work experience.

Degree Name Prerequisite Degree Requirements

Master of Science 80 credit SM Requires prior bachelor’s degree or non-US equivalent. Some departments prefer work experience?. See departmental websites for more specific information. The 80-credit master of science is offered in Biostatistics; Environmental Health; Epidemiology; Global Health and Population (formerly Population and International Health); Health Policy and Management; and Society, Human Development, and Health.

Master of Science 60 credit SM Requires prior bachelor’s degree or non-US equivalent in one of the mathematical sciences or an allied field (for example, biology, psychology, or economics)?. The 60-credit master of science is offered in Biostatistics.

Master of Science 42.5 credit SM Please see departmental websites for specific prerequisite degree requirements. For most departments, applicants must hold a prior doctoral degree. The Department of Environmental Health will review applicants with a master’s degree in a related discipline or significant professional experience?. The Department of Society, Human Development, and Health will review applicants with a prior related graduate degree and experience in the public health field. The 42.5-credit master of science is also offered in Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Health Policy and Management.

Master of Public Health

MPH

Requires prior doctoral degree- for example MD, DO, DDS (or their non-US equivalents), PhD, SD, JD, or other health-related doctoral degrees. MD and DO students may apply to enroll between third and fourth year in medical school. Also eligible to apply are those with a master’s degree in a health-related field (for example, MSN, MSW, MBA) and three years of relevant experience. The law and public health concentration requires a prior JD or non-US equivalent degree?. Law students already holding a relevant advanced degree may also be considered. Students who may have been accepted to Harvard Law School may apply to a joint JD/MPH program.

Master of Occupational Health MOH Requires prior medical degree. The master of occupational health is offered through the Department of Environmental Health.

Doctor of Science SD Bachelor’s degree or non-US equivalent except for the Departments of Health Policy and Management (requires prior medical degree) and Immunology and Infectious Diseases (requires prior clinical degree). The SD is also offered in Environmental Health; Epidemiology; Global Health and Population (formerly Population and International Health); Nutrition; and Society, Human Development, and Health.

Doctor of Public Health DPH Applicants must have, or be in progress toward, an MPH degree, in addition, candidates must hold an advanced degree in a basic public health discipline similar to the requirements for the master of public health (42.5 credit) program listed above?. The DPH is offered by Environmental Health; Epidemiology; Global Health and Population (formerly Population and International Health); Nutrition; and Society, Human Development, and Health.

Doctor of Philosophy PhD All PhD programs are offered under the aegis of the Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences‘.

專業(yè)的不同側(cè)重：從兩個(gè)不同專業(yè)Degree Planners側(cè)重的能力解讀

Epidemiology Environmental Epidemiology

? Demonstrate basic skills in core public health sciences of epidemiology and biostatistics.

? Develop comprehensive knowledge of the role of epidemiology as a basic science for public health and clinical medicine to provide a quantitative approach to addressing public health and clinical problems.

? Interpret descriptive epidemiologic results in order to develop hypotheses of possible risk factors for a disease.

? Critically evaluate public health and medical literature through knowledge gained of the basic principles and methods of epidemiology, including disease (outcome) measures, measures of association, study design options, bias, confounding, and effect measure modification.

? Apply quantitative skills to analyze and synthesize epidemiologic data related to public health issues.

? Develop quantitative skills needed to analyze and synthesize epidemiologic data.

? Apply knowledge of the physiology and pathophysiology of human disease to epidemiologic studies.

? Develop the skills to interpret the methods for disease screening.

? Develop substantive knowledge of the epidemiology of infectious and chronic disease and apply this knowledge to public health issues.

? Design an epidemiologic investigation (Master’s Thesis) resulting in a publishable manuscript or grant application.

? Demonstrate competence with the 5 core disciplines for the professional SM degree program (listed in the MPH Curriculum Guide).

? Characterize contaminant sources and mechanisms of environmental transport.

? Identify, model, measure, evaluate and interpret the human contact with environmental contaminants that constitutes exposure, and develop strategies to control environmental hazards, allergens, and pathogens.

? Investigate health effects by applying appropriate statistical and epidemiological concepts and techniques to the relationships between environmental hazards and health outcomes.

? Employ risk assessment and management strategies to minimize adverse outcomes.

? Communicate effectively with individuals and communities regarding risk associated with environmental hazards.

衛(wèi)生統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)(Biostatistics)：

是近幾年的大熱學(xué)科，除開醫(yī)學(xué)學(xué)生，不少數(shù)學(xué)和統(tǒng)計(jì)等理科的同學(xué)也紛紛申請(qǐng)。這個(gè)專業(yè)在美國(guó)前景非常之好，可以說(shuō)就業(yè)面廣，包括醫(yī)藥公司﹑政府衛(wèi)生部門和高校都需要此專業(yè)人才，技術(shù)性強(qiáng)，很少能被其他專業(yè)人才所取代，畢業(yè)后平均年收入也比其他衛(wèi)生類專業(yè)更高。衛(wèi)生統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的申請(qǐng)者不一定需要醫(yī)學(xué)背景，但往往學(xué)校會(huì)要求在本科或研究生階段有一定的高等數(shù)學(xué)和統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)課程。

流行病學(xué)(Epidemiology)：

和衛(wèi)生統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)科有很大的交叉，都需要能熟練的運(yùn)用統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件和原理，但對(duì)于疾病本身關(guān)注相對(duì)較多，畢業(yè)后大多也在各級(jí)別衛(wèi)生部門從事相關(guān)工作，如艾滋病防治，心臟病的防治項(xiàng)目等。申請(qǐng)時(shí)更看重申請(qǐng)人的醫(yī)學(xué)背景，被錄取者多來(lái)自公衛(wèi)本專業(yè)﹑臨床﹑藥學(xué)﹑護(hù)理﹑基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)等專業(yè)，對(duì)于國(guó)際學(xué)生更是看中醫(yī)學(xué)相關(guān)背景。

社區(qū)與健康教育學(xué)(Community And Health Education)：

是所有公衛(wèi)專業(yè)中最看重英語(yǔ)能力的，所以其GRE和IBT要求也最 高，因?yàn)楫厴I(yè)后所開展的工作多以社區(qū)為基礎(chǔ)，強(qiáng)調(diào)與人群溝通能力。其工作范圍也相對(duì)較廣，滲透在幾乎衛(wèi)生事業(yè)各級(jí)別各類型工作中。申請(qǐng)人如果要申請(qǐng)此方向，英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)能力和過(guò)往實(shí)際的公共衛(wèi)生相關(guān)工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)尤為重要。

衛(wèi)生政策與管理學(xué)(Health Policies And Administrations)：

是公衛(wèi)專業(yè)所有專業(yè)里最偏向管理學(xué)和政治學(xué)的科目，甚至有部分課程來(lái)自MBA和法律專業(yè)。畢業(yè)生多在不同部門扮演衛(wèi)生政策的制定者或法律援助群體，也有很多在健康保險(xiǎn)和其他健康相關(guān)產(chǎn)品行業(yè)里工作。此專業(yè)對(duì)申請(qǐng)人的寫作能力以及工作或?qū)嵙?xí)經(jīng)驗(yàn)較為看重，國(guó)際學(xué)生申請(qǐng)此專業(yè)較統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)和流行病學(xué)相對(duì)較難，因?yàn)樾枰暾?qǐng)人了解美國(guó)的政府構(gòu)架和法律規(guī)范。

環(huán)境與職業(yè)病衛(wèi)生學(xué)(Environmental And Occupational Health):

這是全世界范圍內(nèi)的熱門學(xué)科，在美國(guó)也如此，美國(guó)的環(huán)境與職業(yè)病衛(wèi)生學(xué)貫穿于水質(zhì)﹑空氣﹑土壤﹑基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)和制造產(chǎn)業(yè)中的衛(wèi)生規(guī)范與管理，每年政府也會(huì)大力投入大量的人力和物力資源?？芍^說(shuō)此專業(yè)是很多美國(guó)本土學(xué)生也致力申請(qǐng)的方向，而申請(qǐng)者也不需要強(qiáng)調(diào)醫(yī)學(xué)背景，其競(jìng)爭(zhēng)激烈，前景光明，對(duì)國(guó)際學(xué)生也并非有太高的語(yǔ)言門檻。

三、學(xué)位設(shè)置

各個(gè)大學(xué)的公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院學(xué)位設(shè)置大致相同，它們包括，MPH(Master Of Public Health)﹑MSPH(Master Of Science Public Health)﹑PHD﹑MHA(Master Of Healthcare Administration)。MPH和MSPH的區(qū)別在于前者多培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的實(shí)際工作能力，后者多培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的科研能力并可以進(jìn)一步深造Ph.D學(xué)位。 MHA學(xué)位強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)生作為管理者的能力，如人力資源管理，市場(chǎng)策劃等，是所有專業(yè)中最接近MBA的一種。PHD專業(yè)是為高校﹑研究機(jī)構(gòu)﹑政府部門培養(yǎng)的科研人才，一般獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金非常豐富，畢業(yè)后留美機(jī)會(huì)較大。

四、申請(qǐng)人需做的準(zhǔn)備

公共衛(wèi)生是熱門學(xué)科，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)非常激烈。GRE和IBT考試肯定是必不可少的，TOP20的公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院一般要托福100分以上(Speaking 20)。同時(shí)學(xué)院希望申請(qǐng)有一定的醫(yī)學(xué)相關(guān)背景，尤其針對(duì)國(guó)際學(xué)生，如沒(méi)有醫(yī)學(xué)相關(guān)學(xué)位，申請(qǐng)者可以積極參與國(guó)內(nèi)的公共衛(wèi)生項(xiàng)目，如疾病的宣傳教育課題，這樣可一定程度上彌補(bǔ)背景的不足。在申請(qǐng)過(guò)程中，PS(Personal Statement)和CV顯得尤為重要，學(xué)院希望申請(qǐng)人有對(duì)衛(wèi)生保健事業(yè)的強(qiáng)烈興趣和責(zé)任感，這往往從對(duì)自己未來(lái)的計(jì)劃和對(duì)過(guò)去背景的總結(jié)介紹中得知。公共衛(wèi)生的研究生階段獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金甚少，因?yàn)檫@也是當(dāng)前全美國(guó)的熱門學(xué)科，而排名靠前的公共衛(wèi)院一年的學(xué)費(fèi)和生活費(fèi)大約在3萬(wàn)5到5萬(wàn)美金左右。PHD階段獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金會(huì)相對(duì)多一些，但是競(jìng)爭(zhēng)也是比較殘酷。

公共衛(wèi)生作為當(dāng)前世界重要的議題，無(wú)論在中國(guó)和美國(guó)都具有相當(dāng)好的發(fā)展前景，在最近北美經(jīng)濟(jì)走勢(shì)不佳的情況下，仍然是非常熱門和容易找工作的學(xué)科。有此志向的同學(xué)可以提早為自己的將來(lái)做詳細(xì)的規(guī)劃，準(zhǔn)備好自己的申請(qǐng)。

就業(yè)方向：

衛(wèi)生保健提供者。如醫(yī)院、社區(qū)健康服務(wù)中心、精神衛(wèi)生組織、實(shí)驗(yàn)(檢驗(yàn))中心、護(hù)理院，主要提供預(yù)防、診斷、康復(fù)和護(hù)理服務(wù)。

公共安全組織。如警察局、消防隊(duì)、醫(yī)療急救中心，預(yù)防處理緊急傷害和公共衛(wèi)生事件。

環(huán)境保護(hù)、勞動(dòng)保護(hù)和食品安全機(jī)構(gòu)。作為執(zhí)法部門，監(jiān)督和保障安全的生存環(huán)境、保障人群健康。

文化、教育、體育機(jī)構(gòu)。為社區(qū)提供促進(jìn)健康的精神環(huán)境和物質(zhì)環(huán)境。

民政、慈善組織、NGO。為弱勢(shì)人群包括失能人士、低收入人士和獨(dú)居及高齡人士提供政策與物質(zhì)支持。

大型企業(yè)的員工健康支持，健康保險(xiǎn)公司

政府部門：

Agency for Health Care Research and Quality (AHRQ)

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA)

Maternal and Child Health Bureau, HRSA (MCHB)

Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (ODPHP/HHS)

Public Health Functions / HP 2010

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)

U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)

US Department of Health Human Services (HHS)

US Agency for International Development (USAID)

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