劍橋雅思15Test2Passage3原文翻譯having a laugh笑一笑

劍橋雅思15Test2Passage3原文翻譯having a laugh笑一笑，今天中國(guó)教育在線就來(lái)為大家分析這個(gè)問(wèn)題。

having a laugh笑一笑

劍橋雅思7 Test 3 Passage 3閱讀原文翻譯

第1段

Forests are one of the main elements of our natural heritage.The decline of Europe’s forests over the last decade and a half has led to an increasing awareness and understanding of the serious imbalances which threaten them.European countries are becoming increasingly concerned by major threats to European forests,threats which know no frontiers other than those of geography or climate:air pollution,soil deterioration,the increasing number of forest fires and sometimes even the mismanagement of our woodland and forest heritage.There has been a growing awareness of the need for countries to get together to co-ordinate their policies.In December 1990,Strasbourg hosted the first Ministerial Conference on the protection of Europe’s forests.The conference brought together 31 countries from both Western and Eastern Europe.The topics discussed included the co-ordinated study of the destruction of forests,as well as how to combat forest fires and the extension of European research programs on the forest ecosystem.The preparatory work for the conference had been undertaken at two meetings of experts.Their initial task was to decide which of the many forest problems of concern to Europe involved the largest number of countries and might be the subject of joint action.Those confined to particular geographical areas,such as countries bordering the Mediterranean or the Nordic countries therefore had to be discarded.However,this does not mean that in future they will be ignored.

森林是我們自然遺產(chǎn)的主要元素之一。在過(guò)去的十五年里，歐洲森林的減少導(dǎo)致人們對(duì)威脅它v們的嚴(yán)重不平衡問(wèn)題的認(rèn)識(shí)和了解不斷增加。歐洲國(guó)家越來(lái)越關(guān)注對(duì)歐洲森林的重大威脅，這些威脅忽略除地理或氣候外的其他邊界：空氣污染，土壤退化，森林大火不斷增加，有時(shí)甚至是我們自己對(duì)林地和森林遺產(chǎn)的管理不善。目前，人們?cè)絹?lái)越意識(shí)到國(guó)家需要團(tuán)結(jié)在一起，共同協(xié)調(diào)其政策。1990年12月，斯特拉斯堡主辦了首屆保護(hù)歐洲森林部長(zhǎng)級(jí)會(huì)議。會(huì)議聚集了來(lái)自西歐和東歐的31個(gè)國(guó)家。議題包括對(duì)森林破壞的共同研究，如何撲滅森林大火，以及擴(kuò)展歐洲對(duì)森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的研究項(xiàng)目。會(huì)議的籌備工作是在兩次專(zhuān)家會(huì)議上進(jìn)行的。他們的首要任務(wù)是確定歐洲關(guān)注的眾多森林問(wèn)題中哪一個(gè)涉及最多的國(guó)家，并可能成為聯(lián)合行動(dòng)的主題。。因此，僅限于特定地理區(qū)域的那些問(wèn)題，例如與地中海接壤的國(guó)家或北歐國(guó)家，必須被丟棄。但是，這并不意味著將來(lái)它們會(huì)被忽略。

第2段

As a whole,European countries see forests as performing a triple function:biological,economic and recreational.The first is to act as a‘green lung’for our planet;by means of photosynthesis,forests produce oxygen through the transformation of solar energy,thus fulfilling what for humans is the essential role of an immense,non-polluting power plant.At the same time,forests provide raw materials for human activities through their constantly renewed production of wood.Finally,they offer those condemned to spend five days a week in an urban environment an unrivalled area of freedom to unwind and take part in a range of leisure activities,such as hunting,riding and hiking.The economic importance of forests has been understood since the dawn of man–wood was the first fuel.The other aspects have been recognised only for a few centuries but they are becoming more and more important.Hence,there is a real concern throughout Europe about the damage to the forest environment which threatens these three basic roles.

總體而言，歐洲國(guó)家認(rèn)為森林具有三重功能：生物，經(jīng)濟(jì)和娛樂(lè)。首先，森林充當(dāng)我們星球的“綠肺”。通過(guò)光合作用，森林通過(guò)文章來(lái)自 雅思太陽(yáng)能的轉(zhuǎn)化產(chǎn)生氧氣，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)了對(duì)人類(lèi)來(lái)言，巨大無(wú)污染的動(dòng)力工廠的基本作用。同時(shí)，森林通過(guò)不斷產(chǎn)生的木材為人類(lèi)活動(dòng)提供原材料。最后，他們?yōu)槟切┟恐鼙仨氃诔鞘协h(huán)境中度過(guò)五天的人提供了無(wú)與倫比的自由空間，讓他們放松身心并參加一系列休閑活動(dòng)，例如狩獵，騎馬和遠(yuǎn)足。作為第一種燃料，自從人來(lái)文明誕生開(kāi)始，人們就認(rèn)識(shí)到森林的經(jīng)濟(jì)重要性。其他方面在最近幾個(gè)世紀(jì)才顯露出來(lái)，但是它們變得越來(lái)越重要。因此，整個(gè)歐洲都存在對(duì)威脅到森林環(huán)境這三個(gè)基本功能的損害的真正擔(dān)憂(yōu)。

第3段

The myth of the‘natural’forest has survived,yet there are effectively no remaining‘primary’forests in Europe.All European forests are artificial,having been adapted and exploited by man for thousands of years.This means that a forest policy is vital,that it must transcend national frontiers and generations of people,and that it must allow for the inevitable changes that take place in the forests,in needs,and hence in policy.The Strasbourg conference was one of the first events on such a scale to reach this conclusion.A general declaration was made that‘a(chǎn) central place in any ecologically coherent forest policy must be given to continuity over time and to the possible effects of unforeseen events,to ensure that the full potential of these forests is maintained’.

“天然”森林的神話(huà)一直存在，但實(shí)際上歐洲沒(méi)有剩下任何的“原始”森林。歐洲所有的森林都是人造的，經(jīng)過(guò)人類(lèi)數(shù)千年的改造和開(kāi)發(fā)。這意味著森林政策至關(guān)重要，必須超越國(guó)界和人類(lèi)代際，并且必須考慮到森林中需求以及政策方面不可避免的變化。斯特拉斯堡會(huì)議是達(dá)成這一結(jié)論的首次此類(lèi)活動(dòng)。宣言稱(chēng)，“在任何生態(tài)上合乎邏輯的森林政策中，必須將其隨時(shí)間推移的連續(xù)性和不可預(yù)見(jiàn)事件的可能影響置于中心位置，以確保維持這些森林的全部潛力”。

第4段

That general declaration was accompanied by six detailed resolutions to assist national policy-making.The first proposes the extension and systematisation of surveillance sites to monitor forest decline.Forest decline is still poorly understood but leads to the loss of a high proportion of a tree’s needles or leaves.The entire continent and the majority of species are now affected:between 30%and 50%of the tree population.The condition appears to result from the cumulative effect of a number of factors,with atmospheric pollutants the principal culprits.Compounds of nitrogen and sulphur dioxide should be particularly closely watched.However,their effects are probably accentuated by climatic factors,such as drought and hard winters,or soil imbalances such as soil acidification,which damages the roots.The second resolution concentrates on the need to preserve the genetic diversity of European forests.The aim is to reverse the decline in the number of tree species or at least to preserve the‘genetic material’of all of them.Although forest fires do not affect all of Europe to the same extent,the amount of damage caused the experts to propose as the third resolution that the Strasbourg conference consider the establishment of a European databank on the subject.All information used in the development of national preventative policies would become generally available.The subject of the fourth resolution discussed by the ministers was mountain forests.In Europe,it is undoubtedly the mountain ecosystem which has changed most rapidly and is most at risk.A thinly scattered permanent population and development of leisure activities,particularly skiing,have resulted in significant long-term changes to the local ecosystems.Proposed developments include a preferential research program on mountain forests.The fifth resolution relaunched the European research network on the physiology of trees,called Eurosilva.Eurosilva should support joint European research on tree diseases and their physiological and biochemical aspects.Each country concerned could increase the number of scholarships and other financial support for doctoral theses and research projects in this area.Finally,the conference established the framework for a European research network on forest ecosystems.This would also involve harmonising activities in individual countries as well as identifying a number of priority research topics relating to the protection of forests.The Strasbourg conference’s main concern was to provide for the future.This was the initial motivation,one now shared by all 31 participants representing 31European countries.Their final text commits them to on-going discussion between government representatives with responsibility for forests.

伴隨這一聲明的是六個(gè)詳細(xì)的決議，以協(xié)助國(guó)家政策的制定。第一項(xiàng)提議是擴(kuò)大監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)并使其系統(tǒng)化，以監(jiān)測(cè)森林的退化。人們對(duì)森林退化仍然知之甚少，但是它卻導(dǎo)致大量的樹(shù)針或樹(shù)葉損失。現(xiàn)在整個(gè)大陸和大多數(shù)物種都受到了影響：占樹(shù)木種群的30％至50％。這種情況似乎是由于許多因素的累積影響所致，其中大氣污染物是主要罪魁禍?zhǔn)?。?yīng)特別注意氮和二氧化硫的化合物。然而，氣候因素（例如干旱和嚴(yán)冬）或土壤失衡（例如土壤酸化）會(huì)破壞根系，從而加劇其影響。第二項(xiàng)決議集中于維護(hù)歐洲森林基因多樣性的需要。目的是扭轉(zhuǎn)樹(shù)種數(shù)量的下降，或至少保留所有樹(shù)種的“遺傳材料”。盡管森林大火不會(huì)對(duì)整個(gè)歐洲產(chǎn)生相同程度的影響，但造成的破壞程度卻使專(zhuān)家們提出了第三項(xiàng)決議：斯特拉斯堡會(huì)議考慮建立有關(guān)該問(wèn)題的歐洲數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。制定國(guó)家預(yù)防政策所使用的所有信息將普遍公開(kāi)。部長(zhǎng)們討論的第四項(xiàng)決議的主題是山區(qū)森林。在歐洲，山區(qū)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)無(wú)疑變化最快，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)最大。零散的永久人口居住點(diǎn)和休閑活動(dòng)的發(fā)展，尤其是滑雪的發(fā)展，導(dǎo)致當(dāng)?shù)厣鷳B(tài)系統(tǒng)重大長(zhǎng)期的變化。擬議的改善包括一項(xiàng)關(guān)于山區(qū)森林的有限研究計(jì)劃。第五項(xiàng)決議重新啟動(dòng)了被稱(chēng)為Eurosilva的歐洲樹(shù)木生理學(xué)研究網(wǎng)絡(luò)。Eurosilva應(yīng)該支持歐洲在樹(shù)木病害及其生理和生化方面的聯(lián)合研究。每個(gè)相關(guān)國(guó)家都可以增加該領(lǐng)域的博士學(xué)位論文和研究項(xiàng)目的獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金以及其他經(jīng)濟(jì)支持的數(shù)量。最后，會(huì)議為歐洲森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)研究網(wǎng)絡(luò)建立了框架。這將涉及協(xié)調(diào)各個(gè)國(guó)家的活動(dòng)，并確定一些與森林保護(hù)有關(guān)的優(yōu)先研究主題。斯特拉斯堡會(huì)議的主要關(guān)切是為未來(lái)做好準(zhǔn)備。這是最初的動(dòng)機(jī)，現(xiàn)在由代表31個(gè)歐洲國(guó)家的31位參與者共同擁有。他們的文本使其參與到負(fù)責(zé)森林相關(guān)問(wèn)題的政府代表之間的持續(xù)討論中。

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