劍橋雅思11Test2Passage1閱讀原文翻譯 Raising the Mary Rose

劍橋雅思11Test2Passage1閱讀原文翻譯 Raising the Mary Rose

第1段

On 19 July 1545, English and French fleets were engaged in a sea battle off the coast of southern England in the area of water called the Solent, between Portsmouth and the Isle of Wight. Among the English vessels was a warship by the name of Mary Rose. Built in Portsmouth some 35 years earlier, she had had a long and successful fighting career, and was a favourite of King Henry VIII. Accounts of what happened to the ship vary: while witnesses agree that she was not hit by the French, some maintain that she was outdated, overladen and sailing too low in the water, others that she was mishandled by undisciplined crew. What is undisputed, however, is that the Mary Rose sank into the Solent that day, taking at least 500 men with her. After the battle, attempts were made to recover the ship, but these failed.

1545年7月19日，英國和法國艦隊在英格蘭南部海域發(fā)生了一起海戰(zhàn)。該海域被稱為索倫特，位于樸茨茅次和懷特島之間。英國艦隊中有一艘名為瑪麗玫瑰號的戰(zhàn)艦。她于35年前在樸茨茅次建造，擁有長久而成功的戰(zhàn)斗歷史，是國王亨利八世的摯愛。關(guān)于這艘戰(zhàn)艦發(fā)生的事情描述各異：雖然目擊者都認(rèn)為她沒有被法國艦隊擊中，但一些人堅持認(rèn)為她已經(jīng)過時，裝載了太多的東西，吃水太深；而其他人則認(rèn)為是紀(jì)律不良的船員進行了錯誤操作。然而，毫無爭議的是，瑪麗玫瑰號在那天沉入了索倫特水域。一同沉沒的還有至少500名船員。戰(zhàn)斗之后，人們嘗試尋找這艘戰(zhàn)艦，但都失敗了。

第2段

The Mary Rose came to rest on the seabed, lying on her starboard (right) side at an angle of approximately 60 degrees. The hull (the body of the ship) acted as a trap for the sand and mud carried by Solent currents. As a result, the starboard side filled rapidly, leaving the exposed port (left) side to be eroded by marine organisms and mechanical degradation. Because of the way the ship sank, nearly all of the starboard half survived intact. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the entire site became covered with a layer of hard grey clay, which minimised further erosion.

瑪麗玫瑰號靠在海床上，右舷著地成60度角。船體吞噬索倫特洋流所帶來沙子和泥土。因此，右舷一側(cè)迅速被填滿，使得左側(cè)暴露在外面，很快被海洋生物和機械降解侵蝕。由于船只的沉沒方式，右舷一側(cè)幾乎被完整地保留了下來。17世紀(jì)和18世紀(jì)，整個沉船區(qū)域被一層堅硬的灰色粘土覆蓋，最大程度減少了進一步的侵蝕。

第3段

Then, on 16 June 1836, some fishermen in the Solent found that their equipment was caught on an underwater obstruction, which turned out to be the Mary Rose. Diver John Deane happened to be exploring another sunken ship nearby, and the fishermen approached him, asking him to free their gear. Deane dived down, and found the equipment caught on a timber protruding slightly from the seabed. Exploring further, he uncovered several other timbers and a bronze gun. Deane continued diving on the site intermittently until 1840, recovering several more guns, two bows, various timbers, part of a pump and various other small finds.

隨后，1836年6月16日，索倫特海域的一些漁民發(fā)現(xiàn)他們的設(shè)備被某種水下障礙物卡住。而該障礙物正是瑪麗玫瑰號。潛水員John Deane恰好在附近探索另外一艘沉船。漁民找到他，請他幫助解開他們的設(shè)備。Deane潛入水中，發(fā)現(xiàn)設(shè)備被掛在微微伸出海床的木桿上。進一步探查之后，他發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些其他木料，以及一把銅火槍。Deane斷斷續(xù)續(xù)地潛入該地點直到1840年。他發(fā)現(xiàn)了更多的火槍、兩把弓、各種木材、水泵部件，以及其他各種各樣的小東西。

第4段

The Mary Rose then faded into obscurity for another hundred years. But in 1965, military historian and amateur diver Alexander McKee, in conjunction with the British Sub-Aqua Club, initiated a project called ‘Solent Ships’. While on paper this was a plan to examine a number of known wrecks in the Solent, what McKee really hoped for was to find the Mary Rose. Ordinary search techniques proved unsatisfactory, so McKee entered into collaboration with Harold E. Edgerton, professor of electrical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1967, Edgerton’s side-scan sonar systems revealed a large, unusually shaped object, which McKee believed was the Mary Rose.

瑪麗玫瑰號隨后又銷聲匿跡了100多年。1965年，軍事歷史學(xué)家、業(yè)余潛水員Axexander Mckee與英國潛水俱樂部合作，發(fā)起了一項被稱為“索倫特沉船”的項目。紙面上，該計劃是要研究一些索倫特海域已知的沉船，但Mckee真正希望的是找到瑪麗玫瑰號。常規(guī)的搜索技術(shù)被證明差強人意，所以Mckee開始與麻省理工學(xué)院的電子工程學(xué)教授Harold E. Edgerton合作。1967年，Edgerton的側(cè)向掃描聲納系統(tǒng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個巨大的、形狀與眾不同的物體。Mckee相信這正是瑪麗玫瑰號。

第5段

Further excavations revealed stray pieces of timber and an iron gun. But the climax to the operation came when, on 5 May 1971, part of the ship’s frame was uncovered. McKee and his team now knew for certain that they had found the wreck, but were as yet unaware that it also housed a treasure trove of beautifully preserved artefacts. Interest in the project grew, and in 1979, The Mary Rose Trust was formed, with Prince Charles as its President and Dr Margaret Rule its Archaeological Director. The decision whether or not to salvage the wreck was not an easy one, although an excavation in 1978 had shown that it might be possible to raise the hull. While the original aim was to raise the hull if at all feasible, the operation was not given the go-ahead until January 1982, when all the necessary information was available.

進一步的發(fā)掘找到了一些散落的木頭片和一支鐵制火槍。但整個行動的高潮發(fā)生在1971年5月5日。當(dāng)時找到了部分船只框架。Mckee和他的團隊現(xiàn)在明確知道他們發(fā)現(xiàn)了沉船，但還沒有意識到里面儲藏著保存完好的精美藝術(shù)品寶藏。人們對該項目的興趣日益高漲。1979年瑪麗玫瑰號信托基金成立，查爾斯王子擔(dān)任主席，Margaret Rule擔(dān)任考古負(fù)責(zé)人。盡管1978年的發(fā)掘顯示有可能打撈起整個船體，但是否打撈船只的決定卻并不容易做出。雖然最初的目的是只要有可能就將船體打撈上來，但該行動直到1982年1月所有信息完備之后才得到批準(zhǔn)。

第6段

An important factor in trying to salvage the Mary Rose was that the remaining hull was an open shell. This led to an important decision being taken: namely to carry out the lifting operation in three very distinct stages. The hull was attached to a lifting frame via a network of bolts and lifting wires. The problem of the hull being sucked back downwards into the mud was overcome by using 12 hydraulic jacks. These raised it a few centimetres over a period of several days, as the lifting frame rose slowly up its four legs. It was only when the hull was hanging freely from the lifting frame, clear of the seabed and the suction effect of the surrounding mud, that the salvage operation progressed to the second stage. In this stage, the lifting frame was fixed to a hook attached to a crane, and the hull was lifted completely clear of the seabed and transferred underwater into the lifting cradle. This required precise positioning to locate the legs into the ‘stabbing guides’ of the lifting cradle. The lifting cradle was designed to fit the hull using archaeological survey drawings, and was fitted with air bags to provide additional cushioning for the hull‘s delicate timber framework. The third and final stage was to lift the entire structure into the air, by which time the hull was also supported from below. Finally, on 11 October 1982, millions of people around the world held their breath as the timber skeleton of the Mary Rose was lifted clear of the water, ready to be returned home to Portsmouth.

影響嘗試打撈瑪麗玫瑰號的一個重要因素在于殘存的船體是一個開放的外殼。這導(dǎo)致做出一項重要的決定，即整個提升操作分為三個截然不同的階段。船體通過螺栓和起吊繩索組成的網(wǎng)固定到起重框架上。利用12個液壓起重機解決了船體向下被吸回到泥土中的問題。隨著起吊框架緩慢抬升自己的四個支架，船體在幾天的時間里被升起幾厘米。只有當(dāng)船體完全懸掛在起吊框架上，離開海床，不受周圍泥土吸力的影響時，打撈行動才進行到第二階段。在該階段，起重框架被固定在起重機的吊鉤上。船體完全脫離海床，在水下被轉(zhuǎn)移到升降籃中。通過考古調(diào)查繪畫，升降籃被設(shè)計的貼合船體，并用空氣包填充，從而為船只脆弱的木制框架提供額外的緩沖。第三也是最后一個階段是將整個船體升至空中。同時船體從下方得到支撐。最終，1982年10月11日，全球數(shù)百萬人屏息見證了瑪麗玫瑰號的木制骨架脫離水面，準(zhǔn)備回到樸茨茅次。

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