劍橋雅思14Test2Passage2閱讀原文翻譯 Back to the future of skyscraper design

劍橋雅思14Test2Passage2閱讀原文翻譯 Back to the future of skyscraper design

劍橋雅思14 Test2 Passage2閱讀原文翻譯

A部分

The Recovery of Natural Environments in Architecture by Professor Alan Short is the culmination of 30 years of research and award-winning green building design by Short and colleagues in Architecture, Engineering, Applied Maths and Earth Sciences at the University of Cambridge.

Alan Short教授所著的《自然環(huán)境在建筑中的復(fù)蘇》是三十年研究的集大成之作，也是Short及其劍橋大學(xué)建筑學(xué)、工程學(xué)、應(yīng)用數(shù)學(xué)和地球科學(xué)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的同事們共同完成的榮獲大獎(jiǎng)的環(huán)保建筑設(shè)計(jì)。

‘The crisis in building design is already here,’ said Short. ‘Policy makers think you can solve energy and building problems with gadgets. You can’t. As global temperatures continue to rise, we are going to continue to squander more and more energy on keeping our buildings mechanically cool until we have run out of capacity.’

“建筑設(shè)計(jì)中的危機(jī)已經(jīng)顯現(xiàn)， ” Short這樣說。“政策制定者們以為用小零件小設(shè)備就能解決能源和建筑問題。其實(shí)并不能。隨著全球溫度持續(xù)上升，我們將繼續(xù)用機(jī)械方法揮霍越來越多的能量， 使建筑物內(nèi)保持涼爽，直到我們?cè)僖矡o能為力為止。

B部分

Short is calling for a sweeping reinvention of how skyscrapers and major public buildings are designed – to end the reliance on sealed buildings which exist solely via the life support’ system of vast air conditioning units.

Short正在呼吁對(duì)摩天大樓和大型公共建筑的設(shè)計(jì)方式進(jìn)行一場(chǎng)徹底的重塑 – 來結(jié)束對(duì)封閉式建筑的依賴，它們的存在完全是依靠大型空調(diào)設(shè)備來提供“生命支持”的。

Instead, he shows it is entirely possible to accommodate natural ventilation and cooling in large buildings by looking into the past, before the widespread introduction of air conditioning systems, which were ‘relentlessly and aggressively marketed’ by their inventors.

與之相反，他證明了：完全有可能在大型建筑中容納天然的通風(fēng)和冷卻系統(tǒng)，辦法就是回溯到過去那個(gè)還沒有大規(guī)模引人空調(diào)系統(tǒng)的時(shí)代，這些空調(diào)系統(tǒng)就是其發(fā)明者所“毫不留情、大刀闊斧地”大肆進(jìn)行宣傳推廣的。

C部分

Short points out that to make most contemporary buildings habitable, they have to be sealed and air conditioned. The energy use and carbon emissions this generates is spectacular and largely unnecessary. Buildings in the West account for 40-50% of electricity usage, generating substantial carbon emissions, and the rest of the world is catching up at a frightening rate. Short regards glass, steel and air-conditioned skyscrapers as symbols of status, rather than practical ways of meeting our requirements.

Short指出：要讓大多數(shù)當(dāng)代建筑里可以住人，它們必須封閉起來、進(jìn)行空氣調(diào)控。這種做法所造成的能源消耗和碳排放是極為壯觀的，在很大程度上并沒有必要。西方建筑物要占用電量的40—50%，產(chǎn)生了巨量的碳排放，而世界上的其他地方正以一種令人驚恐的速度追趕上來。Short認(rèn)為，由玻璃，鋼鐵和空調(diào)組成的摩天大樓是社會(huì)地位的象征，而不是滿足我們需要的實(shí)用方式。

D部分

Short’s book highlights a developing and sophisticated art and science of ventilating buildings through the 19th and earlier-20th centuries, including the design of ingeniously ventilated hospitals. Of particular interest were those built to the designs of John Shaw Billings, including the first Johns Hopkins Hospital in the US city of Baltimore (1873-1889).

Short的書重點(diǎn)闡述了在19世紀(jì)和20世紀(jì)初期這個(gè)階段里，為建筑物通風(fēng)的藝術(shù)與科學(xué)一直在發(fā)展進(jìn)步、日趨復(fù)雜完善，這其中包括通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)精妙的醫(yī)院。格外引人注目的是那些依照J(rèn)ohn Shaw Billings的設(shè)計(jì)搭建而成的建筑，包括位于美國(guó)巴爾的摩市的第一家約翰霍普金斯醫(yī)院（1873—1889）。

‘We spent three years digitally modelling Billings’ final designs,’ says Short. ‘We put pathogens* in the airstreams, modelled for someone with tuberculosis (TB) coughing in the wards and we found the ventilation systems in the room would have kept other patients safe from harm.

“我們花了三年的時(shí)間用數(shù)字化模擬修建了Billins最后的那些設(shè)計(jì)方案，” Short這樣說。“我們?cè)跉饬髦蟹湃肓瞬≡w，以此模仿病房中正在咳嗽的肺結(jié)核病患，結(jié)果我們發(fā)現(xiàn)：房間里的通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)能保護(hù)其他病人不受侵害?！?/p>

E部分

‘We discovered that 19th-century hospital wards could generate up to 24 air changes an hour – that’s similar to the performance of a modern-day, computer-controlled operating theatre. We believe you could build wards based on these principles now.

“我們發(fā)現(xiàn)19世紀(jì)的醫(yī)院病房在1小時(shí)內(nèi)能夠制造多達(dá)24次的空氣交換 – 類似于一家現(xiàn)代化的、由電腦中控的劇院可達(dá)成的效果。我們相信你現(xiàn)在完全可以基于這些原理來建造病房。

Single rooms are not appropriate for all patients. Communal wards appropriate for certain patients – older people with dementia, for example – would work just as well in today’s hospitals, at a fraction of the energy cost.’

單人間并非適合于所有的病人。對(duì)某些病患比較合適的公共病房 – 例如患癡呆的較年長(zhǎng)病人 – 在今天的醫(yī)院里也同樣適用，所消耗的能量卻只有一丁點(diǎn)兒?！?/p>

Professor Short contends the mindset and skill-sets behind these designs have been completely lost, lamenting the disappearance of expertly designed theatres, opera houses, and other buildings where up to half the volume of the building was given over to ensuring everyone got fresh air.

Short 教授感到這些設(shè)計(jì)背后的思維理念和精巧技藝已經(jīng)完全丟失了，他痛惜那些消失了的、經(jīng)由專家精心設(shè)計(jì)建造的劇院、歌劇院和其他同類建筑，這些建筑中多達(dá)一半的空間都用于確保每個(gè)人都能獲得新鮮空氣。

F部分

Much of the ingenuity present in 19th-century hospital and building design was driven by a panicked public clamouring for buildings that could protect against what was thought to be the lethal threat of miasmas – toxic air that spread disease. Miasmas were feared as the principal agents of disease and epidemics for centuries, and were used to explain the spread of infection from the Middle Ages right through to the cholera outbreaks in London and Paris during the 1850s. Foul air, rather than germs, was believed to be the main driver of ‘hospital fever’, leading to disease and frequent death. The prosperous steered clear of hospitals.

存在于19世紀(jì)的醫(yī)院和其他建筑中的那種精巧設(shè)計(jì)在很大程度上是被恐慌的公眾所催生的，這些人大聲疾呼，要求建筑物能給他們提供保護(hù)，使自己不受當(dāng)時(shí)被認(rèn)為是致命威脅的瘴氣 – 會(huì)傳播疾病的有毒氣體 – 所侵襲。幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來，瘴氣一直被看作疾病和傳染病的主要致病源而深受畏俱，從中世紀(jì)以來直到19世紀(jì)50年代爆發(fā)在倫敦和巴黎的大霍亂，人們都用瘴氣來解釋感染的傳播原因。污穢的空氣，而非病菌，被認(rèn)為是“醫(yī)院熱病”的主要元兇，引發(fā)了疾病與頻繁的死亡。富人都對(duì)醫(yī)院唯恐避之不及。

While miasma theory has been long since disproved, Short has for the last 30 years advocated a return to some of the building design principles produced in its wake.

雖然瘴氣理論很久以前就被證明了是錯(cuò)的，但Short在過去三十年間一直在支持重拾一些建筑設(shè)計(jì)原理，而這些原理正是在這一錯(cuò)誤理論的催生下才發(fā)展起來的。

G部分

Today, huge amounts of a building’s space and construction cost are given over to air conditioning. ‘But I have designed and built a series of buildings over the past three decades which have tried to reinvent some of these ideas and then measure what happens.

今天，一棟建筑的大量空間和建造費(fèi)用都奉獻(xiàn)給了空調(diào)系統(tǒng)?！暗俏以谶^去三十年間設(shè)計(jì)和主持建成了一系列樓宇，嘗試重新用上我所說的這些理念，然后測(cè)試了接下來的效果”。

‘To go forward into our new low-energy, low-carbon future, we would be well advised to look back at design before our high-energy, high-carbon present appeared. What is surprising is what a rich legacy we have abandoned.’

“要向前去到我們?nèi)碌牡湍茉?、低碳排的未來，一個(gè)非常明智的做法就是回首過去，向我們高能源、 高碳排的當(dāng)下出現(xiàn)之前的那個(gè)時(shí)代去學(xué)習(xí)。令人驚異的是我們拋棄了一份多么豐厚的遺產(chǎn)”。

H部分

Successful examples of Short’s approach include the Queen’s Building at De Montfort University in Leicester. Containing as many as 2,000 staff and students, the entire building is naturally ventilated, passively cooled and naturally lit, including the two largest auditoria, each seating more than 150 people. The award-winning building uses a fraction of the electricity of comparable buildings in the UK.

Short所倡導(dǎo)的方法的成功案例之一是位于萊斯特的德蒙特福德大學(xué)的女王大樓。 樓內(nèi)能容納2000名員工和學(xué)生，整棟建筑都依靠自然通風(fēng)、非人工手段制冷和天然照明，其中兩座分別能坐下150多人的最大的禮堂也不例外。這座曾經(jīng)獲獎(jiǎng)的建筑所使用的電量與英國(guó)其他同類建筑的用電量相比只是九牛一毛。

Short contends that glass skyscrapers in London and around the world will become a liability over the next 20 or 30 years if climate modelling predictions and energy price rises come to pass as expected.

Short認(rèn)為，如果氣候模型預(yù)測(cè)的情況和能源價(jià)格上漲真的如人們所預(yù)期的那樣到來了的話，那么在接下來的二十或三十年間，倫敦乃至全球的玻璃摩天高樓都將會(huì)成為沉重的累贅。

I部分

He is convinced that sufficiently cooled skyscrapers using the natural environment can be produced in almost any climate. He and his team have worked on hybrid buildings in the harsh climates of Beijing and Chicago – built with natural ventilation assisted by back-up air conditioning – which, surprisingly perhaps, can be switched off more than half the time on milder days and during the spring and autumn.

他堅(jiān)信：利用自然環(huán)境而進(jìn)行充足制冷的高樓大廈在幾乎任何氣候里都是可以建成并運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的。他和他的團(tuán)隊(duì)在北京和芝加哥的嚴(yán)酷氣候里在各種各樣的建筑上都進(jìn)行過試驗(yàn) – 這些建筑里設(shè)立了天然通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)，同時(shí)輔以備用空調(diào)設(shè)備 – 也許會(huì)令人大吃一驚的是，在比較溫和的日子里以及在春秋季節(jié)，這些空調(diào)有一半以上的時(shí)間都可以關(guān)閉不用。

Short looks at how we might reimagine the cities, offices and homes of the future. Maybe it’s time we changed our outlook.

Short所著眼的是我們也許可以重新設(shè)計(jì)未來的城市、辦公室和家庭。也許是時(shí)候改變我們的看法了。

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