雅思閱讀how much higher how much faster原文翻譯

雅思閱讀how much higher how much faster答案及解析

第1段

Since the early years of the twentieth century,when the International Athletic Federation began keeping records,there has been a steady improvement in how fast athletes run,how high they jump and how far they are able to hurl massive objects,them-selves included,through space.For the so-called power events–that require a relatively brief,explosive release of energy,like the 100-metre sprint and the long jump–times and distances have improved ten to twenty per cent.In the endurance events the results have been more dramatic.At the 1908 Olympics,John Hayes of the U.S.team ran a marathon in a time of 2:55:18.In 1999,Morocco’s Khalid Khannouchi set a new world record of 2:05:42,almost thirty per cent faster.

從20世紀(jì)初期開(kāi)始，根據(jù)國(guó)際田徑聯(lián)合會(huì)（International Athletic Federation）的記錄，運(yùn)動(dòng)員的跑動(dòng)速度，跳的高度，以及穿過(guò)空間扔大物體（包括他們自己）的距離一直在穩(wěn)步提高。對(duì)于所謂的力量項(xiàng)目（需要相對(duì)短暫的爆炸性能量釋放，例如100米的短跑和跳遠(yuǎn)），時(shí)間和距離增加了10％至20％。在耐力賽中，結(jié)果更加引人注目。在1908年奧運(yùn)會(huì)上，美國(guó)隊(duì)的約翰·海斯（John Hayes）用2:55:18的時(shí)間完成了馬拉松比賽。1999年，摩洛哥的Khalid Khannouchi創(chuàng)造了2:05:42的新世界紀(jì)錄，快了近30％。

第2段

No one theory can explain improvements in performance,but the most important factor has been genetics.‘The athlete must choose his parents carefully,’says Jesus Dapena,a sports scientist at Indiana University,invoking an oftcited adage.Over the past century,the composition of the human gene pool has not changed appreciably,but with increasing global participation in athletics–and greater rewards to tempt athletes–it is more likely that individuals possessing the unique complement of genes for athletic performance can be identified early.‘Was there someone like[sprinter]Michael Johnson in the 1920s?’Dapena asks.‘I’m sure there was,but his talent was probably never realised.’

沒(méi)有任何一種理論可以解釋表現(xiàn)的提升，但是最重要的因素是遺傳學(xué)。印第安納大學(xué)體育科學(xué)家耶穌·達(dá)佩納（Jesus Dapena）引用了這句常說(shuō)的話(huà)，說(shuō)：“運(yùn)動(dòng)員必須謹(jǐn)慎選擇父母?！痹谶^(guò)去的一個(gè)世紀(jì)中，人類(lèi)基因庫(kù)的并沒(méi)有發(fā)生明顯變化，但是隨著全球?qū)w育運(yùn)動(dòng)的參與不斷增加，以及對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)員的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)越來(lái)越多，人們更有可能在早期識(shí)別出擁有獨(dú)特運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)基因的個(gè)體?！霸?920年代有沒(méi)有像[短跑運(yùn)動(dòng)員]邁克爾·約翰遜這樣的人？”Dapena問(wèn)。“我敢肯定有，但他的才華可能從未實(shí)現(xiàn)?！?/p>

第3段

Identifying genetically talented individuals is only the first step.Michael Yessis,an emeritus professor of Sports Science at California State University at Fullerton,maintains that‘genetics only determines about one third of what an athlete can do.But with the right training we can go much further with that one third than we’ve been going.’Yessis believes that U.S.runners,despite their impressive achievements,are‘running on their genetics’.By applying more scientific methods,‘they’re going to go much faster’.These methods include strength training that duplicates what they are doing in their running events as well as plyometrics,a technique pioneered in the former Soviet Union.

識(shí)別具有遺傳天賦的人只是第一步。富勒頓加利福尼亞州州立大學(xué)體育科學(xué)系名譽(yù)教授Michael Yessis認(rèn)為“遺傳學(xué)只能決定一個(gè)人表現(xiàn)的三分之一”。但是，通過(guò)正確的訓(xùn)練，我們可以比現(xiàn)在更加充分的利用這三分之一。Yessis認(rèn)為，盡管美國(guó)運(yùn)動(dòng)員取得了令人矚目的成就，但他們?nèi)栽凇耙揽孔约旱幕颉?。通過(guò)采用更科學(xué)的方法，“他們將變得更快”。這些方法包括力量訓(xùn)練（可復(fù)制他們?cè)谂懿街兴龅氖虑椋┮约皽y(cè)距法，這是前蘇聯(lián)開(kāi)創(chuàng)的技術(shù)。

第4段

Whereas most exercises are designed to build up strength or endurance,plyometrics focuses on increasing power–the rate at which an athlete can expend energy.When a sprinter runs,Yessis explains,her foot stays in contact with the ground for just under a tenth of a second,half of which is devoted to landing and the other half to pushing off.Plyometric exercises help athletes make the best use of this brief interval.

盡管大多數(shù)練習(xí)都是為了增強(qiáng)力量或耐力而設(shè)計(jì)的，但平面測(cè)距法則著重于提高功率-運(yùn)動(dòng)員消耗能量的速度。Yessis解釋說(shuō)，當(dāng)短跑運(yùn)動(dòng)員奔跑時(shí)，她的腳與地面保持接觸的時(shí)間不到十分之一秒，其中一半用于著陸，另一半用于推開(kāi)。體能鍛煉可以幫助運(yùn)動(dòng)員充分利用這一短暫的時(shí)間。

第5段

Nutrition is another area that sports trainers have failed to address adequately.‘Many athletes are not getting the best nutrition,even through supplements,’Yessis insists.Each activity has its own nutritional needs.Few coaches,for instance,understand how deficiencies in trace minerals can lead to injuries.

營(yíng)養(yǎng)是運(yùn)動(dòng)教練未能充分注意的另一個(gè)領(lǐng)域。Yessis堅(jiān)持說(shuō)：“即使通過(guò)補(bǔ)品，許多運(yùn)動(dòng)員也無(wú)法獲得最好的營(yíng)養(yǎng)?！泵糠N活動(dòng)都有其自身的營(yíng)養(yǎng)需求。例如，很少有教練了解微量礦物質(zhì)的缺乏如何導(dǎo)致傷害。

第6段

Focused training will also play a role in enabling records to be broken.‘If we applied the Russian training model to some of the outstanding runners we have in this country,’Yessis asserts,‘they would be breaking records left and right.’He will not predict by how much,however:‘Exactly what the limits are it’s hard to say,but there will be increases even if only by hundredths of a second,as long as our training continues to improve.’

重點(diǎn)訓(xùn)練在幫助打破記錄上也發(fā)揮作用。Yessis斷言：“如果我們將俄羅斯的訓(xùn)練模式應(yīng)用于該國(guó)一些杰出的跑步者，他們將隨意打破紀(jì)錄?！钡?，他不會(huì)預(yù)測(cè)能提升多少：“很難說(shuō)到底有什么限制，但是只要我們的訓(xùn)練持續(xù)改進(jìn)，即使只有百分之一秒，成績(jī)也會(huì)有所增加?！?/p>

第7段

One of the most important new methodologies is biomechanics,the study of the body in motion.A biomechanic films an athlete in action and then digitizes her performance,recording the motion of every joint and limb in three dimensions.By applying Newton’s laws to these motions,‘we can say that this athlete’s run is not fast enough;that this one is not using his arms strongly enough during take-off,’says Dapena,who uses these methods to help high jumpers.To date,however,biomechanics has made only a small difference to athletic performance.

生物力學(xué)是最重要的新方法之一，它對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)中的人體進(jìn)行研究。生物力學(xué)家拍攝運(yùn)動(dòng)員的動(dòng)作，然后將她的表現(xiàn)的數(shù)字化，在三維空間中記錄每一個(gè)關(guān)節(jié)和肢體的運(yùn)動(dòng)。通過(guò)將牛頓定律應(yīng)用于這些運(yùn)動(dòng)，Dapena說(shuō)，“我們可以說(shuō)這位運(yùn)動(dòng)員跑地還不夠快。他在起跳時(shí)沒(méi)有充分使用雙臂?！彼褂眠@些方法幫助跳高運(yùn)動(dòng)員。然而，迄今為止，生物力學(xué)對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)成績(jī)的影響很小。

第8段

Revolutionary ideas still come from the athletes themselves.For example,during the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City,a relatively unknown high jumper named Dick Fosbury won the gold by going over the bar backwards,in complete contradiction of all the received high-jumping wisdom,a move instantly dubbed the Fosbury flop.Fosbury himself did not know what he was doing.That understanding took the later analysis of biomechanics specialists,who put their minds to comprehending something that was too complex and unorthodox ever to have been invented through their own mathematical simulations.Fosbury also required another element that lies behind many improvements in athletic performance:an innovation in athletic equipment.In Fosbury’s case,it was the cushions that jumpers land on.Traditionally,high jumpers would land in pits filled with sawdust.But by Fosbury’s time,sawdust pits had been replaced by soft foam cushions,ideal for flopping.

革命性的想法仍然來(lái)自運(yùn)動(dòng)員本身。例如，在1968年墨西哥城奧運(yùn)會(huì)期間，一個(gè)相對(duì)不為人所知的跳高運(yùn)動(dòng)員Dick Fosbury通過(guò)向后翻越標(biāo)桿贏得了金牌，這與當(dāng)時(shí)所有的跳高經(jīng)驗(yàn)相反。這種動(dòng)作立即被命名為Fosbury翻越。福斯伯里本人不知道自己在做什么。后來(lái)生物力學(xué)專(zhuān)家進(jìn)行了分析才得以理解。他們利用自己的頭腦去分析一些太過(guò)復(fù)雜和離經(jīng)叛道，以至于無(wú)法通過(guò)數(shù)字模擬來(lái)發(fā)明的東西。Fosbury也需要另外一個(gè)導(dǎo)致許多運(yùn)動(dòng)員成績(jī)提升的因素：運(yùn)動(dòng)器材的創(chuàng)新。就Fosbury而言，它是跳高運(yùn)動(dòng)員落下的墊子。傳統(tǒng)上，跳高運(yùn)動(dòng)員會(huì)落在充滿(mǎn)木屑的坑中。但是到了Fosbury時(shí)代，木屑坑被柔軟的泡沫墊所取代，非常適合摔在上面。

第9段

In the end,most people who examine human performance are humbled by the resourceful-ness of athletes and the powers of the human body.‘Once you study athletics,you learn that it’s a vexingly complex issue,’says John S.Raglin,a sports psychologist at Indiana University.‘Core performance is not a simple or mundane thing of higher,faster,longer.So many variables enter into the equation,and our understanding in many cases is fundamental.We’ve got a long way to go.’For the foreseeable future,records will be made to be broken.

最后，大多數(shù)觀察人類(lèi)表現(xiàn)的人面對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)員的機(jī)智和人體的力量都會(huì)感到謙卑。印第安納大學(xué)的運(yùn)動(dòng)心理學(xué)家約翰·拉格林說(shuō)：“一旦學(xué)習(xí)了體育，就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)這是一個(gè)非常復(fù)雜的問(wèn)題?！薄昂诵谋憩F(xiàn)不是更高，更快，更遠(yuǎn)這種簡(jiǎn)單而平凡的事情。這么多變量進(jìn)入方程式，在許多情況下我們的理解十分基礎(chǔ)。我們還有很長(zhǎng)的路要走。在可預(yù)見(jiàn)的將來(lái)，記錄將被打破。

雅思閱讀how much higher how much faster答案解析

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