托福閱讀真題Official 52 Passage 3（二）

托福閱讀真題Official 52 Passage 3（二）

Early Food Production in Sub-Saharan Africa

At the end of the Pleistocene(around 10,000 B.C.),the technologies of food production may have already been employed on the fringes of the rain forests of western and central Africa,where the common use of such root plants as the African yam led people to recognize the advantages of growing their own food.The yam can easily be resprouted if the top is replanted.This primitive form of“vegeculture”(cultivation of root and tree crops)may have been the economic tradition onto which the cultivation of summer rainfall cereal crops was grafted as it came into use south of the grassland areas on the Sahara’s southern borders.

As the Sahara dried up after 5000 B.C.,pastoral peoples(cattle herders)moved southward along major watercourses into the savanna belt of West Africa and the Sudan.By 3000 B.C.,just as ancient Egyptian civilization was coming into being along the Nile,they had settled in the heart of the East African highlands far to the south.The East African highlands are ideal cattle country and the home today of such famous cattle-herding peoples as the Masai.The highlands were inhabited by hunter-gatherers living around mountains near the plains until about 3300 B.C.,when the first cattle herders appeared.These cattle people may have moved between fixed settlements during the wet and dry seasons,living off hunting in the dry months and their own livestock and agriculture during the rains.

As was the case elsewhere,cattle were demanding animals in Africa.They required water at least every 24 hours and large tracts of grazing grass if herds of any size were to be maintained.The secret was the careful selection of grazing land,especially in environments where seasonal rainfall led to marked differences in graze quality throughout the year.Even modest cattle herds required plenty of land and considerable mobility.To acquire such land often required moving herds considerable distances,even from summer to winter pastures.At the same time,the cattle owners had to graze their stock in tsetse-fly-free areas.The only protection against human and animal sleeping sickness,a disease carried by the tsetse fly,was to avoid settling or farming such areas—a constraint severely limiting the movements of cattle-owning farmers in eastern and central Africa.As a result,small cattle herds spread south rapidly in areas where they could be grazed.Long before cereal agriculture took hold far south of the Sahara,some hunter-gatherer groups in the savanna woodlands of eastern and southern Africa may have acquired cattle,and perhaps other domesticated animals,by gift exchange or through raids on herding neighbors.

Contrary to popular belief,there is no such phenomenon as“pure”pastoralists,a society that subsists on its herds alone.The Saharan herders who moved southward to escape drought were almost certainly also cultivating sorghum,millet,and other tropical rainfall crops.By 1500 B.C.,cereal agriculture was widespread throughout the savanna belt south of the Sahara.Small farming communities dotted the grasslands and forest margins of eastern West Africa,all of them depending on what is called shifting agriculture.This form of agriculture involved clearing woodland,burning the felled brush over the cleared plot,mixing the ash into the soil,and then cultivating the prepared fields.After a few years,the soil was exhausted,so the farmer moved on,exploiting new woodland and leaving the abandoned fields to lie fallow.Shifting agriculture,often called slash-and-burn,was highly adaptive for savanna farmers without plows,for it allowed cereal farming with the minimal expenditure of energy.

The process of clearance and burning may have seemed haphazard to the uninformed eye,but it was not.Except in favored areas,such as regularly inundated floodplains,tropical Africa’s soils were of only moderate to low fertility.The art of farming was careful soil selection,that is,knowing which soils were light and easily cultivable,could be readily turned with small hoes,and would maintain their fertility over several years’planting,for cereal crops rapidly remove nitrogen and other nutrients from the soil.Once it had taken hold,slash-and-burn agriculture expanded its frontiers rapidly as village after village took up new lands,moving forward so rapidly that one expert has estimated it took a mere two centuries to cover 2,000 kilometers from eastern to southern Africa.

Question 3 of 14

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about the pastoral peoples in the East African Highlands around 3300 B.C.?

A.They lived around the mountains and rarely descended into the plains.

B.They relied on different food sources during dry months than they did during wet months.

C.Their settlements were larger than those of pastoral peoples in West Africa and the Sudan.

D.They obtained food from nearby hunter-gatherer communities during wet months.

正確答案：B

題目詳解

題型分類：推論題

原文定位：根據(jù)3300B.C.定位到The highlands這一句和它的下一句。

選項(xiàng)分析：

原文這兩句話都是在描述pastoral peoples in the East African Highlands的生活模式，最后一句話說放牧人在旱季過著打獵的生活，雨季靠畜牧和種植為生?？梢酝浦?，旱季和雨季的食物來源不同，對(duì)應(yīng)B選項(xiàng)“different food sources”。

A選項(xiàng)：定位區(qū)域沒有提到rarely descended into the plains，無中生有。

C選項(xiàng)：Their settlements were larger than未提及，無中生有。

D選項(xiàng)：obtained food from nearby hunter-gatherer未提及，無中生有。

Question 4 of 14

The word“modest”in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.small

B.strong

C.good

D.typical

正確答案：A

題目詳解

題型分類：詞匯題

選項(xiàng)分析：

原文說“甚至是modest的牛群也需要大片的土地和相當(dāng)大的移動(dòng)性?！苯Y(jié)合語境可以推知modest的意思為“適中的，不大的”，對(duì)應(yīng)A選項(xiàng)small。

B選項(xiàng)：強(qiáng)壯的。

C選項(xiàng)：好的。

D選項(xiàng)：代表性的。

帶入原文均不符合語境。

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