劍橋雅思8Test2閱讀Passage1原文翻譯sheet glass manufacture:the float process

劍橋雅思8Test2閱讀Passage1原文翻譯sheet glass manufacture:the float process，今天中國教育在線就來為大家分析這個(gè)問題。

Sheet glass manufacture:the float process

平板玻璃制造

劍橋雅思8 Test2 Passage1閱讀原文翻譯

第1自然段

Glass,which has been made since the time of the Mesopotamians and Egyptians,is little more than a mixture of sand,soda ash and lime.When heated to about 1500 degrees Celsius(℃)this becomes a molten mass that hardens when slowly cooled.The first successful method for making clear,flat glass involved spinning.This method was very effective as the glass had not touched any surfaces between being soft and becoming hard,so it stayed perfectly unblemished,with a‘fire finish’.However,the process took a long time and was labour intensive.

自美索不達(dá)米亞人和埃及人時(shí)代以來，玻璃僅是沙子，純堿和石灰的混合物。當(dāng)加熱到約1500攝氏度（℃）時(shí)，它變成熔融物，緩慢冷卻后會(huì)變硬。制造透明平板玻璃的第一種成功方法涉及到旋轉(zhuǎn)。該方法非常有效，因?yàn)椴Ａг谧冘浐妥冇仓g沒有接觸到任何表面，因此保持了完美的光澤。但是，該過程耗時(shí)長并且勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度大。

第2自然段

Nevertheless,demand for flat glass was very high and glassmakers across the world were looking for a method of making it continuously.The first continuous ribbon process involved squeezing molten glass through two hot rollers,similar to an old mangle.This allowed glass of virtually any thickness to be made non-stop,but the rollers would leave both sides of the glass marked,and these would then need to be ground and polished.This part of the process rubbed away around 20 per cent of the glass,and the machines were very expensive.

然而，對平板玻璃的需求非常高，世界各地的玻璃制造商都在尋找一種連續(xù)制造平板玻璃的方法。第一種文章來自 雅思連續(xù)制造工藝通過兩個(gè)熱輥擠壓熔融的玻璃，類似于舊日的粉碎機(jī)。這樣就可以使幾乎任何厚度的玻璃被不間斷地制造出來，但是滾子會(huì)在玻璃兩面留下痕跡。稍后，它們需要進(jìn)行研磨和拋光處理。該過程的這一部分消耗了大約20％的玻璃，并且機(jī)器非常昂貴。

第3自然段

The float process for making flat glass was invented by Alistair Pilkington.This process allows the manufacture of clear,tinted and coated glass for buildings,and clear and tinted glass for vehicles.This article is from Laokaoya website.Pilkington had been experimenting with improving the melting process,and in 1952 he had the idea of using a bed of molten metal to form the flat glass,eliminating altogether the need for rollers within the float bath.The metal had to melt at a temperature less than the hardening point of glass(about 600~C),but could not boil at a temperature below the temperature of the molten glass(about 1500~C).The best metal for the job was tin.

用于制造平板玻璃的浮法是阿利斯泰爾·皮爾金頓（Alistair Pilkington）發(fā)明的。該方法可以制造用于建筑物的透明，著色和涂層玻璃，以及用于車輛的透明和著色玻璃。皮爾金頓一直在嘗試改善熔化過程，并在1952年提出使用熔融金屬床來制造平板玻璃的想法，從而完全消除在漂浮池中使用滾筒的必要性。金屬必須在低于玻璃硬化點(diǎn)的溫度（約600℃）熔化，但不能在低于熔融玻璃的溫度（約1500℃）下沸騰。最好的金屬是錫。

第4自然段

The rest of the concept relied on gravity,which guaranteed that the surface of the molten metal was perfectly flat and horizontal.Consequently,when pouring molten glass onto the molten tin,the underside of the glass would also be perfectly flat.If the glass were kept hot enough,it would flow over the molten tin until the top surface was also flat,horizontal and perfectly parallel to the bottom surface.Once the glass cooled to 604~C or less it was too hard to mark and could be transported out of the cooling zone by rollers.The glass settled to a thickness of six millimetres because of surface tension interactions between the glass and the tin.By fortunate coincidence,60 per cent of the flat glass market at that time was for six-millimetre glass.

這一想法的其余部分依靠重力，以確保熔融金屬的表面完全平坦且水平。因此，當(dāng)將熔融玻璃倒在熔融錫上時(shí)，玻璃的底面也將是完全平坦的。如果玻璃保持足夠高溫，它將在文章來自 雅思熔融錫上流動(dòng)，直到上表面也平坦，水平且與下表面完全平行。一旦玻璃冷卻到604°C或更低，就會(huì)變得足夠堅(jiān)硬，很難留下痕跡，并且可以用滾軸運(yùn)出冷卻區(qū)。由于玻璃和錫之間表面張力的相互作用，玻璃只能是六毫米厚。碰巧的是，當(dāng)時(shí)平板玻璃市場的60％都是六毫米玻璃。

第5自然段

Pilkington built a pilot plant in 1953 and by 1955 he had convinced his company to build a full-scale plant.However,it took 14 months of non-stop production,costing the company￡100,000 a month,before the plant produced any usable glass.Furthermore,once they succeeded in making marketable flat glass,the machine was turned off for a service to prepare it for years of continuous production.When it started up again it took another four months to get the process right again.They finally succeeded in 1959 and there are now float plants all over the world,with each able to produce around 1000 tons of glass every day,non-stop for around 15 years.

皮爾金頓于1953年建立了一個(gè)試驗(yàn)工廠，到1955年，他說服自己的公司建立了一個(gè)大型工廠。然而，在14個(gè)月的不間斷生產(chǎn)，并每月花費(fèi)公司100,000英鎊之后，工廠才生產(chǎn)出第一塊能用的玻璃。一旦他們成功制造出可銷售的平板玻璃，就關(guān)閉了機(jī)器，從而為多年的連續(xù)生產(chǎn)做準(zhǔn)備。當(dāng)它再次啟動(dòng)時(shí)，又花了四個(gè)月的時(shí)間才重新校準(zhǔn)流程。他們終于在1959年取得了成功，現(xiàn)在世界各地都有浮法制玻工廠，每個(gè)工廠每天能夠生產(chǎn)約1000噸玻璃，可以不間斷生產(chǎn)約15年。

第6自然段

Float plants today make glass of near optical quality.Several processes–melting,refining,homogenising–take place simultaneously in the 2000 tonnes of molten glass in the furnace.They occur in separate zones in a complex glass flow driven by high temperatures.It adds up to a continuous melting process,lasting as long as 50 hours,that delivers glass smoothly and continuously to the float bath,and from there to a coating zone and finally a heat treatment zone,where stresses formed during cooling are relieved.

如今，浮法生產(chǎn)的玻璃接近光學(xué)品質(zhì)。在熔爐中的2000噸熔融玻璃同時(shí)進(jìn)行熔融，精制，均質(zhì)化等多個(gè)過程。它們出現(xiàn)在由高溫驅(qū)動(dòng)的復(fù)雜玻璃流中的不同區(qū)域。連續(xù)熔化過程可以持續(xù)50小時(shí)，從而將玻璃平穩(wěn)連續(xù)地輸送到浮槽中，然后從那里到達(dá)鍍膜區(qū)，并最后到達(dá)熱處理區(qū)，在這里消除冷卻過程中形成的應(yīng)力。

第7自然段

The principle of float glass is unchanged since the 1950s.However,the product has changed dramatically,from a single thickness of 6.8 mm to a range from sub-millimetre to 25 mm,from a ribbon frequently marred by inclusions and bubbles to almost optical perfection.To ensure the highest quality,inspection takes place at every stage.Occasionally,a bubble is not removed during refining,a sand grain refuses to melt,a tremor in the tin puts ripples into the glass ribbon.Automated on-line inspection does two things.Firstly,it reveals process faults upstream that can be corrected.Inspection technology allows more than 100 million measurements a second to be made across the ribbon,locating flaws the unaided eye would be unable to see.Secondly,it enables computers downstream to steer cutters around flaws.

自20世紀(jì)50年代以來，浮法玻璃的原理就沒有改變。但是，產(chǎn)品發(fā)生了巨大的變化，從單一的6.8毫米厚變成從亞毫米到25毫米不等，從經(jīng)常被雜質(zhì)和氣泡損壞的平板到幾乎完美的光學(xué)效果。為了確保最高質(zhì)量，在每個(gè)階段都要進(jìn)行檢查。有時(shí)，精煉過程中未能去除的氣泡，無法融化的沙礫，以及錫的震顫會(huì)在玻璃帶中形成波紋。自動(dòng)化的在線檢查會(huì)做兩件事。首先，它揭示可以修正的上游流程故障。檢測技術(shù)可以在玻璃板上進(jìn)行每秒超過1億次的測量，從而定位肉眼無法看到的缺陷。其次，它使下游計(jì)算機(jī)能夠引導(dǎo)切割器解決缺陷。

第8自然段

Float glass is sold by the square metre,and at the final stage computers translate customer requirements into patterns of cuts designed to minimise waste.

浮法玻璃按平方出售，在最后階段，計(jì)算機(jī)將客戶需求轉(zhuǎn)換為旨在最大程度減少浪費(fèi)的切割模式。

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