Business Cultures劍橋雅思9聽力-原文翻譯及答案解析

一、Business Cultures聽力原文：

Good morning everyone.

Now whether you're going to university to study business or some other subject,many of you will eventually end up working for a company of some kind.

Now,when you first start working somewhere you will realise that the organisation you've joined has certain characteristics.

And we often refer to these social characteristics as the culture of the organisation-this includes its unwritten ideas,beliefs,values and things like that.

One well known writer has classified company cultures by identifying four major types.

The first type is called the Power Culture,and it's usually found in small organisations.

It's the type of culture that needs a central source of power to be effective,and because control is in the hands of just one or two people there aren't many rules or procedures.

Another characteristic is that communication usually takes the form of conversations rather than,say,formal meetings or written memos.

Now one of the benefits of this culture is that the organisation has the ability to act quickly,so it responds well to threat,or danger on the one hand,and opportunity on the other.

But on the negative side,this type of organisation doesn't always act effectively,because it depends too much on one or two people at the top,and when these people make poor decisions there's no-one else who can influence them.

And the Kind of person who does well in this type of business culture is one who is happy to take risks,and for whom job security is a low priority.

The next type is known as Role Culture-that's R-O-L-E,not R-O-double L,by the way,and this type is usually found in large companies which have lots of different levels in them.

These organisations usually have separate departments that specialise in things like finance or sales,or maintenance,or whatever.

Each one is co-ordinated at the top by a small group of senior managers,and typically everyone's job is controlled by sets of rules and procedures-for example,there are specific job descriptions,rules for discipline,and so on.

What are the benefits of this kind of culture?

Well firstly,because it's found in large organisations,its fixed costs,or overheads as they're known,are low in relation to its output,or what it produces.

In other words it can achieve economies of scale.

And secondly,it is particularly successful in business markets where technical expertise is important.

On the other hand,this culture is often very slow to recognise the need for change,and even slower to react.

What kind of person does this type of culture suit?

Well it suits employees who value security,and who don't particularly want to have responsibility.

Moving on now to Task Cultures-this type is found in organisations that are project-oriented.

You usually find it where the market for the company's product is extremely competitive,or where the products themselves have a short life-span.

Usually top management delegates the projects,the people and other resources.

And once these have been allocated,little day-to-day control is exercised from the top,because this would seem like'breaking the rules'.

Now one of the major benefits of this culture is that it's flexible.

But it does have some major disadvantages too.

For instance,it can't produce economies of scale or great depth of expertise.

People who like working in groups or teams prefer this type of culture.

And finally,the fourth category is called the Person Culture...

二、Business Cultures聽力中文翻譯：

大家早上好。

現(xiàn)在，無論你們是要上大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)商業(yè)還是其他學(xué)科，你們中的許多人最終都會在某種公司工作。

現(xiàn)在，當(dāng)你第一次開始在某個(gè)地方工作時(shí)，你會意識到你加入的組織有某些特點(diǎn)。

我們經(jīng)常將這些社會特征稱為組織的文化，這包括其未成文的思想、信仰、價(jià)值觀和諸如此類的東西。

一位著名作家通過識別四種主要類型對公司文化進(jìn)行了分類。

第一種類型被稱為權(quán)力文化，通常存在于小型組織中。

這是一種需要中央權(quán)力來源才能發(fā)揮效力的文化，因?yàn)榭刂茩?quán)只掌握在一到兩個(gè)人手中，所以沒有太多的規(guī)則或程序。

另一個(gè)特點(diǎn)是，溝通通常采取對話的形式，而不是正式會議或書面?zhèn)渫洝?/p>

現(xiàn)在，這種文化的好處之一是，組織有能力快速行動，因此它能很好地應(yīng)對威脅或危險(xiǎn)，以及機(jī)遇。

但消極的一面是，這種組織并不總是有效地行動，因?yàn)樗蕾囉谝坏絻擅邔尤藛T，當(dāng)這些人做出糟糕的決定時(shí)，沒有其他人可以影響他們。

而在這種類型的商業(yè)文化中表現(xiàn)出色的人是一個(gè)樂于冒險(xiǎn)的人，而對他們來說，工作保障是一個(gè)低優(yōu)先級的人。

下一種類型被稱為角色文化-順便說一句，這是R-O-L-E，而不是R-O-double L，這種類型通常存在于有很多不同層次的大公司中。

這些組織通常有獨(dú)立的部門，專門從事財(cái)務(wù)、銷售、維護(hù)等方面的工作。

每個(gè)人都由一小群高級管理人員在高層進(jìn)行協(xié)調(diào)，通常每個(gè)人的工作都由一套規(guī)則和程序控制，例如，有具體的工作描述、紀(jì)律規(guī)則等等。

這種文化有什么好處？

首先，因?yàn)樗嬖谟诖笮徒M織中，所以它的固定成本或日常開支相對于它的產(chǎn)出或生產(chǎn)量來說都很低。

換句話說，它可以實(shí)現(xiàn)規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)。

其次，它在技術(shù)專長非常重要的商業(yè)市場上尤其成功。

另一方面，這種文化往往很難認(rèn)識到變革的必要性，甚至反應(yīng)也很慢。

這種文化適合什么樣的人？

嗯，它適合那些重視安全的員工，也適合那些不想承擔(dān)責(zé)任的員工。

現(xiàn)在轉(zhuǎn)到任務(wù)文化——這種類型存在于以項(xiàng)目為導(dǎo)向的組織中。

你通常會發(fā)現(xiàn)公司產(chǎn)品的市場競爭非常激烈，或者產(chǎn)品本身的壽命很短。

通常，最高管理層會委派項(xiàng)目、人員和其他資源。

一旦分配了這些資源，高層就很少進(jìn)行日?？刂?，因?yàn)檫@看起來像是“違反規(guī)則”。

現(xiàn)在，這種文化的主要好處之一是它的靈活性。

但它也有一些主要的缺點(diǎn)。

例如，它不能產(chǎn)生規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)或深度專業(yè)知識。

喜歡團(tuán)隊(duì)工作的人更喜歡這種文化。

最后，第四類被稱為人文化。

三、Business Cultures聽力問題：

Question 31-40

Complete the notes below.

Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.Business Cultures

Power culture

Characteristics of organization?small

?power source

?few rules and procedures

?communication by

Advantage:?can act quickly

Disadvantage:?might not act

Suitable employee:?not afraid of

?doesn't need job security

Role culture

Characteristics of organisation:?large,many

?specialised departments

?rules and procedure,e.g.job

and rules for discipline

Advantages:?economies of scale

?successful when ability is important.

Disadvantages:?slow to see when.is needed

?slow to react

Suitable employee:?values security

?doesn't want.

Task culture

Characteristics of organisation:?project orientated

?in competitive market or making product with short life

?a lot of delegation

Advantage:?

Disadvantages:?no economies of scale or special expertise

Suitable employee:?likes to work in groups

四、Business Cultures聽力答案：

31.central

32.conversation/conversations

33.effectively

34.risk/risks

35.levels

36.description/descriptions

37.technical

38.change

39.responsibility

40.flexible

五、Business Cultures聽力答案解析

31.central當(dāng)聽到The first type is called the Power Culture...的時(shí)候，要注意我們的目標(biāo)是找一個(gè)形容詞來修飾power source。錄音緊接著介紹這種組織規(guī)模很小，然后提到It’s the type of culture that needs a central source of power to be effective.。雖然卷面信息把source of power替換成了power source，但考生應(yīng)該能夠迅速反應(yīng)出central就是我們需要填寫的形容詞。

32.conversation(s)該空格考查溝通方式，聽到的三種分別是conversations，formal meetings和written memos，重點(diǎn)在于后兩種類型用了rather than這個(gè)表示否定的短語做了限定，也就是說給我們排除了兩個(gè)選擇，答案為第一種溝通方式，即conversation(s)。

33.effectively根據(jù)卷面信息可知，我們要填寫和disadvantage相關(guān)的信息，而根據(jù)考試經(jīng)驗(yàn)，disadvantage這個(gè)詞很可能是原文的同義替換詞，聽錄音時(shí)應(yīng)做好心理準(zhǔn)備，有可能聽到drawback,dark side,negative side,flaw,shortcoming等詞，所以在聽到but on the negative side時(shí)，考生應(yīng)該注意目標(biāo)詞就要出現(xiàn)了。因此根據(jù)其后出現(xiàn)的...this type of organisation doesn’t always act effectively.可知，題目中應(yīng)填的副詞為effectively。

34.risk(s)該題目涉及適合的人群，我們聽到了...the kind of person who does well in this type of business culture is one who is happy to take risks...。這里的is happy to相當(dāng)于卷面信息的not afraid of，所以答案為risk(s)。

35.levels根據(jù)Role culture介紹中的lots of different levels可知答案。此題是整個(gè)Section 4中答案最直接的一道題。

36.description(s)錄音中的for example對應(yīng)卷面信息e.g.，根據(jù)其后的...there are specific job descriptions,rules for discipline...可知答案。

37.technical通過讀題可知，本題填寫的是Role culture的第二個(gè)優(yōu)勢，聽到信號詞and secondly時(shí)，一定要集中精力。隨后聽到的...it is particularly successful in business markets where technical expertise is important.中給出了答案，即technical，其中的expertise在題干中被替換成了ability。

38.change本題填寫Role culture的缺點(diǎn)，聽到on the other hand這個(gè)表示轉(zhuǎn)折的信號詞時(shí)，考生應(yīng)意識到答案就要出現(xiàn)。根據(jù)其后的...this culture is often very slow to recognise the need for change...可知答案為change。此題把原文的主動句式改成了被動語態(tài)。

39.responsibility錄音中提到...it suits employees who value security,and who don’t particularly want to have responsibility.，沒有任何替換出現(xiàn)，跟上速度即可答題。

40.flexible本題考查Task culture的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，錄音中提到...one of the major benefits of this culture is that it’s flexible，benefit在卷面信息中被替換成advantage，可知答案為flexible?？忌€要同時(shí)留意advantage的其他替換詞，比如：strong point,spotlight,highlight,best part,bright side等。

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