History of the East End劍橋雅思6-聽力原文翻譯及答案解析

一、History of the East End聽力原文：

In the last few weeks,we've been looking at various aspects of the social history of London,and this morning we're continuing with a look at life in the area called the East End.

I'll start with a brief history of the district,and then focus on life in the first half of the twentieth century.

Back in the first to the fourth centuries AD,when the Romans controlled England,London grew into a town of 45,000 people,and what’s now the East End-the area by the river Thames,and along the road heading north-east from London to the coast-consisted of farmland with crops and livestock which helped to feed that population.

The Romans left in 410,at the beginning of the fifth century,and from then onwards the country suffered a series of invasions by tribes from present-day Germany and Denmark,the Angles,Saxons and Jutes,many settled in the East End.

The technology they introduced meant that metal and leather goods were produced there for the first time.

And as the East End was by the river,ships could transport goods between there and foreign markets.

In the eleventh century,in 1066 to be precise,the Normans conquered England,and during the next few centuries London became one of the most powerful and prosperous cities in Europe.

The East End benefited from this,and because there were fewer restrictions there than in the city itself,plenty of newcomers settled there from abroad,bringing their skills as workers,merchants or money-lenders during the next few hundred years.

In the sixteenth century the first dock was dug where ships were constructed,eventually making the East End the focus of massive international trade.

And in the late sixteenth century,when much of the rest of England was suffering economically,a lot of agricultural workers came to the East End to look for alternative work.

In the seventeenth century,the East End was still a series of separate,semi-rural settlements.

There was a shortage of accommodation,so marshland was drained and built on to house the large numbers of people now living there.

By the nineteenth century London was the busiest port in the world,and this became the main source of employment in the East End.

Those who could afford to live in more pleasant surroundings moved out,and the area became one where the vast majority of people lived in extreme poverty,and suffered from appalling sanitary conditions.

That brief outline takes us to the beginning of the twentieth century,and now we’ll turn to housing.

At the beginning of the century,living conditions for the majority of working people in East London were very basic indeed.

Houses were crowded closely together and usually very badly built,because there was no regulation.

But the poor and needy were attracted by the possibility of work,and they had to be housed.

It was the availability,rather than the condition,of the housing that was the major concern for tenants and landlords alike.

Few houses had electricity at this time,so other sources of power were used,like coal for fires which heated perhaps just one room.

Of course,the smoke from these contributed a great deal to the air pollution for which London used to be famous.

A tiny damp,unhealthy house like this might well be occupied by two full families,possibly including several children,grandparents,aunts and uncles.

Now,before I go on to health implications of this way of life.

I'll say something about food and nutrition.

二、History of the East End聽力中文翻譯：

在過去的幾周里，我們一直在關(guān)注倫敦社會歷史的各個(gè)方面，今天上午我們繼續(xù)關(guān)注倫敦東區(qū)的生活。

我將從該地區(qū)的簡史開始，然后重點(diǎn)講述二十世紀(jì)上半葉的生活。

早在公元一世紀(jì)到四世紀(jì)，羅馬人控制了英格蘭，倫敦發(fā)展成為一個(gè)有45000人的城鎮(zhèn)，現(xiàn)在的東區(qū)是泰晤士河沿岸，從倫敦到海岸的東北方向的道路上有農(nóng)田，農(nóng)田里種著莊稼和牲畜，幫助養(yǎng)活了這些人。

公元410年，羅馬人在五世紀(jì)初離開，從那時(shí)起，該國遭受了一系列來自當(dāng)今德國和丹麥、盎格魯人、撒克遜人和朱特人部落的入侵，其中許多人定居在東區(qū)。

他們引進(jìn)的技術(shù)意味著金屬和皮革制品首次在那里生產(chǎn)。

由于東區(qū)在河邊，船只可以在那里和國外市場之間運(yùn)輸貨物。

11世紀(jì)，確切地說，1066年，諾曼人征服了英格蘭，在接下來的幾個(gè)世紀(jì)里，倫敦成為歐洲最強(qiáng)大、最繁榮的城市之一。

東區(qū)從中受益，因?yàn)槟抢锏南拗票瘸鞘斜旧硪伲芏嘈乱泼駨膰鈦淼竭@里定居，在接下來的幾百年里，他們將自己的技能作為工人、商人或放債人帶到了那里。

在16世紀(jì)，第一個(gè)碼頭被挖出來建造船只，最終使東區(qū)成為大規(guī)模國際貿(mào)易的焦點(diǎn)。

在16世紀(jì)末，當(dāng)英格蘭其他大部分地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)困難時(shí)，許多農(nóng)業(yè)工人來到東區(qū)尋找替代工作。

在17世紀(jì)，東區(qū)仍然是一系列獨(dú)立的半農(nóng)村居民點(diǎn)。

由于住房短缺，所以沼澤地被排干了水，并修建起來，以容納大量現(xiàn)在居住在那里的人。

到19世紀(jì)，倫敦是世界上最繁忙的港口，成為東區(qū)的主要就業(yè)來源。

那些有能力生活在更舒適環(huán)境中的人搬走了，該地區(qū)成為了絕大多數(shù)人生活極端貧困、衛(wèi)生條件惡劣的地區(qū)。

這個(gè)簡短的提綱將我們帶到二十世紀(jì)初，現(xiàn)在我們將轉(zhuǎn)向住房。

在本世紀(jì)初，東倫敦大多數(shù)工人的生活條件確實(shí)非常基本。

由于沒有規(guī)定，房屋擁擠不堪，通常建筑質(zhì)量很差。

但是窮人和窮人被工作的可能性所吸引，他們不得不被安置。

房客和房東都主要關(guān)心的是住房的可用性，而不是條件。

當(dāng)時(shí)幾乎沒有房子有電，所以使用了其他的能源，比如燃燒的煤，可能只加熱一個(gè)房間。

當(dāng)然，這些城市的煙霧在很大程度上造成了倫敦曾經(jīng)以之聞名的空氣污染。

像這樣一個(gè)潮濕、不健康的小房子很可能由兩個(gè)完整的家庭居住，可能包括幾個(gè)孩子、祖父母、阿姨和叔叔。

現(xiàn)在，在我繼續(xù)討論這種生活方式對健康的影響之前。

我要談?wù)勈澄锖蜖I養(yǎng)。

三、History of the East End聽力問題：

Question 31-37

Complete the table below.

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.Social history of the East End of London

Period

Situation

1st-14th centuries

Produce from the area was used to the people of London.

5th-10th centuries

New technology allowed the production of goods made of and

11th century

Lack of in the East End encouraged the growth of businesses.

16th century

Construction of facilities for the building of stimulated international trade.

Agricultural workers came from other parts of to look for work.

17th century

Marshes were drained to provide land that could be on.

19th century

Inhabitants lived in conditions of great with very poor sanitation.

Question 38-40

Choose the THREE letters A-G.

Which THREE of the following problems are mentioned in connection with 20th century housing in the East End?

A.unsympathetic landlords

B.unclean water

C.heating problems

D.high rents

E.overcrowding

F.poor standards of building

G.houses catching fire

四、History of the East End聽力答案：

31.feed

32.metal;leather;

33.restrictions

34.ships

35.England

36.built

37.poverty

38.C

39.E

40.F

五、History of the East End聽力答案解析

Question 31 f e e d.通過上下文得知，空格處應(yīng)填寫動(dòng)詞。之前的名詞produce意為“產(chǎn)物，農(nóng)產(chǎn)品”，在原文中的替換是“crops and livestock”，考生聽到what’s now the East End時(shí)，應(yīng)注意后面應(yīng)該有答案，因?yàn)檫@篇講座的內(nèi)容是East End。help之后出現(xiàn)重要?jiǎng)釉~feed，為答案。

Question 32 metal，leather.通過題干空格前的made of得知，空格中應(yīng)填寫表示物質(zhì)的名詞。the fifth century是路標(biāo)詞，technology是直接路標(biāo)詞。在technology之后聽到metal and leather goods，goods也是路標(biāo)詞之一，該詞之前的詞應(yīng)為答案。

Question 33 restrictions.大路標(biāo)詞是the eleventh century，之后East End是答案會出現(xiàn)的標(biāo)志。題干中l(wèi)ack of最常見的替換是without，have no或there is/are few...，因此考生聽到原文說There were fewer...時(shí)，應(yīng)意識到后面的名詞restrictions為答案。

Question 34 ships.通過空格前的the building of可以判斷空格中應(yīng)填寫被建造的某物，在原文the sixteenth century之后聽到ships were constructed，constructed與build同義，之前的名詞ships為答案。

Question 35 England.通過題干判斷空格中應(yīng)填寫地點(diǎn)名詞。此題較難，考生需要理解整句后才能找到答案，路標(biāo)詞agricultural workers出現(xiàn)在答案之后，而這個(gè)詞后的East End不是答案，原文說came to，而不是from。

Question 36 built.通過空格前could be得知空格中應(yīng)填寫動(dòng)詞的過去分詞。marshland，drained為路標(biāo)詞。之后出現(xiàn)動(dòng)詞built，為答案。

Question 37 poverty.通過分析題目，得知空格中應(yīng)填寫抽象名詞，如果考生熟悉一些常見的名詞搭配，可以從上下文推斷空格應(yīng)填寫有關(guān)居住環(huán)境的詞，而后文的poor sanitation也說明環(huán)境很差。聽到extreme，考生應(yīng)該意識到該詞與題干great同義，之后的poverty為答案。

Question 38～40 C,E,F.在介紹住房的這部分，考生首先聽到crowded，與E選項(xiàng)overcrowding是同根詞，因此先選擇E；在同一句中聽到badly built，選擇有同根詞building的F選項(xiàng)；之后又出現(xiàn)heated，與C選項(xiàng)heating同根。但是考生應(yīng)注意排除G選項(xiàng)，catching fire意為“失火”，而原文是說用火來取暖。

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