雅思8test1passage2閱讀原文翻譯

雅思8test1passage2閱讀原文翻譯

段落A

An accident that occurred in the skies over the Grand Canyon in 1956 resulted in the establishment of the Federal Aviation Administration(FAA)to regulate and oversee the operation of aircraft in the skies over the United States,which were becoming quite congested.The resulting structure of air traffic control has greatly increased the safety of flight in the United States,and similar air traffic control procedures are also in place over much of the rest of the world.

1956年，大峽谷上空發(fā)生的一次事故導(dǎo)致聯(lián)邦航空管理局(FAA)的成立，以監(jiān)管和監(jiān)督美國(guó)上空越來(lái)越擁擠的飛機(jī)運(yùn)營(yíng)。由此產(chǎn)生的空中交通管制結(jié)構(gòu)極大地提高了美國(guó)的飛行安全性，并且世界上許多其他地區(qū)也采用了類(lèi)似的空中交通管制程序。

段落B

Rudimentary air traffic control(ATC)existed well before the Grand Canyon disaster.As early as the 1920s,the earliest air traffic controllers manually guided aircraft in the vicinity of the airports,using lights and flags,while beacons and flashing lights were placed along cross-country routes to establish the earliest airways.However,this article is from Laokaoya website,this purely visual system was useless in bad weather,and,by the 1930s,radio communication was coming into use for ATC.The first region to have something approximating today’s ATC was New York City,with other major metropolitan areas following soon after.

原始的空中交通管制(ATC)在大峽谷災(zāi)難發(fā)生之前就已經(jīng)存在。早在20世紀(jì)20年代，最早的空中交通管制員就在飛機(jī)場(chǎng)附近使用燈光和旗幟手動(dòng)引導(dǎo)飛機(jī)，而信標(biāo)和閃光燈則沿著穿過(guò)國(guó)家的路線(xiàn)放置，以建立最早的空中航線(xiàn)。但是，這種純視覺(jué)的系統(tǒng)在惡劣的天氣下沒(méi)有什么用處。到20世紀(jì)30年代，無(wú)線(xiàn)電通信已用于ATC。第一個(gè)使用與今天的ATC差不多的系統(tǒng)的地區(qū)是紐約市，此后不久，其他主要城市也跟了上來(lái)。

段落C

In the 1940s,ATC centres could and did take advantage of the newly developed radar and improved radio communication brought about by the Second World War,but the system remained rudimentary.It was only after the creation of the FAA that full-scale regulation of America’s airspace took place,and this was fortuitous,for the advent of the jet engine suddenly resulted in a large number of very fast planes,reducing pilots’margin of error and practically demanding some set of rules to keep everyone well separated and operating safely in the air.

20世紀(jì)40年代，空中交通管制中心可以而且確實(shí)利用了第二次世界大戰(zhàn)帶來(lái)的新開(kāi)發(fā)的雷達(dá)和改進(jìn)的無(wú)線(xiàn)電通信，但是該系統(tǒng)仍然是原始的。直到美國(guó)聯(lián)邦航空局(FAA)建立之后，美國(guó)領(lǐng)空的全面管制才真正開(kāi)始。而這完全是偶然的，因?yàn)閲姎獍l(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的問(wèn)世導(dǎo)致出現(xiàn)大量飛行速度非?？斓娘w機(jī)，從而縮減了飛行員的犯錯(cuò)空間，并出現(xiàn)制定一些規(guī)則的實(shí)際要求，以保證每架飛機(jī)互相分離，在空中安全運(yùn)行。

段落D

Many people think that ATC consists of a row of controllers sitting in front of their radar screens at the nation’s airports,telling arriving and departing traffic what to do.This is a very incomplete part of the picture.The FAA realised that the airspace over the United States would at any time have many different kinds of planes,flying for many different purposes,in a variety of weather conditions,and the same kind of structure was needed to accommodate all of them.

許多人認(rèn)為ATC由一排坐在機(jī)場(chǎng)雷達(dá)屏幕前的控制員組成，告訴到達(dá)和離開(kāi)的飛機(jī)該做什么。這種想法是片面的。美國(guó)聯(lián)邦航空局意識(shí)到，在美國(guó)空域任何時(shí)候都有許多不同種類(lèi)的飛機(jī)在各種天氣條件下出于不同目的而飛行，因此需要某種相同的結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)容納所有這些飛機(jī)。

段落E

To meet this challenge,the following elements were put into effect.First,ATC extends over virtually the entire United States.In general,from 365m above the ground and higher,the entire country is blanketed by controlled airspace.In certain areas,mainly near airports,controlled airspace extends down to 215m above the ground,and,in the immediate vicinity of an airport,all the way down to the surface.Controlled airspace is that airspace in which FAA regulations apply.Elsewhere,in uncontrolled airspace,pilots are bound by fewer regulations.In this way,the recreational pilot who simply wishes to go flying for a while without all the restrictions imposed by the FAA has only to stay in uncontrolled airspace,below 365m,while the pilot who does want the protection afforded by ATC can easily enter the controlled airspace.

為了應(yīng)對(duì)這一挑戰(zhàn)，(美國(guó)聯(lián)邦航空局)實(shí)行了以下幾點(diǎn)。首先，空中交通管制幾乎遍及整個(gè)美國(guó)。通常來(lái)說(shuō)，整個(gè)國(guó)家地面365米以上的空域都受到控制。在某些地區(qū)，主要是在機(jī)場(chǎng)附近，受控空域一直延伸到地面上方215m，在臨近機(jī)場(chǎng)的地方一直延伸到地面。受控空域是實(shí)行美國(guó)聯(lián)邦航空局規(guī)定的空域。在其他不受控制的領(lǐng)空中，飛行員受到的法規(guī)約束較少。這樣一來(lái)，希望不受美國(guó)聯(lián)邦航空局(FAA)限制，只是飛行一段時(shí)間的休閑飛行員只需要停留在365m以下不受控制的領(lǐng)空即可，而希望獲得ATC保護(hù)的飛行員可以輕松進(jìn)入控制空域。

段落F

The FAA then recognised two types of operating environments.In good meteorological conditions,flying would be permitted under Visual Flight Rules(VFR),which suggests a strong reliance on visual cues to maintain an acceptable level of safety.Poor visibility necessitated a set of Instrumental Flight Rules(IFR),under which the pilot relied on altitude and navigational information provided by the plane’s instrument panel to fly safely.On a clear day,a pilot in controlled airspace can choose a VFR or IFR flight plan,and the FAA regulations were devised in a way which accommodates both VFR and IFR operations in the same airspace.However,a pilot can only choose to fly IFR if they possess an instrument rating which is above and beyond the basic pilot’s license that must also be held.

FAA隨后界定出兩種運(yùn)行環(huán)境。在良好的氣象條件下，允許利用視覺(jué)飛行規(guī)則(VFR)飛行，它極度依賴(lài)視覺(jué)線(xiàn)索來(lái)維持可接受的安全水平。能見(jiàn)度差的時(shí)候則必須使用一套儀表飛行規(guī)則(IFR)。飛行員必須依靠飛機(jī)儀表板提供的高度和導(dǎo)航信息安全飛行。在晴朗的日子里，受控空域中的飛行員可以選擇VFR或IFR飛行計(jì)劃，而FAA的規(guī)則設(shè)定可以在同一空域中同時(shí)容納VFR和IFR操作。但是，飛行員只有在持有基礎(chǔ)飛行執(zhí)照之上的資質(zhì)時(shí)，才可以選擇使用IFR。

段落G

Controlled airspace is divided into several different types,designated by letters of the alphabet.Uncontrolled airspace is designated Class F,while controlled airspace below 5,490m above sea level and not in the vicinity of an airport is Class E.All airspace above 5,490m is designated Class A.The reason for the division of Class E and Class A airspace stems from the type of planes operating in them.Generally,Class E airspace is where one finds general aviation aircraft(few of which can climb above 5,490m anyway),and commercial turboprop aircraft.Above 5,490m is the realm of the heavy jets,since jet engines operate more efficiently at higher altitudes.The difference between Class E and A airspace is that in Class A,all operations are IFR,and pilots must be instrument-rated,that is,skilled and licensed in aircraft instrumentation.This is because ATC control of the entire space is essential.Three other types of airspace,Classes D,C and B,govern the vicinity of airports.These correspond roughly to small municipal,medium-sized metropolitan and major metropolitan airports respectively,and encompass an increasingly rigorous set of regulations.For example,all a VFR pilot has to do to enter Class C airspace is establish two-way radio contact with ATC.No explicit permission from ATC to enter is needed,although the pilot must continue to obey all regulations governing VFR flight.To enter Class B airspace,such as on approach to a major metropolitan airport,an explicit ATC clearance is required.The private pilot who cruises without permission into this airspace risks losing their license.

受控空域分為幾種不同類(lèi)型，并以字母表示。不受管制的空域被劃為F級(jí)。而海拔5490米以下且不在機(jī)場(chǎng)附近的管制空域被劃為E級(jí)。所有5490米以上的空域被劃為A級(jí)。劃分E級(jí)與A級(jí)空域的原因源自其中運(yùn)行的飛機(jī)類(lèi)型。通常，在E級(jí)空域可以找到通用航空飛機(jī)(無(wú)論如何，它們很少能爬升到5490米以上)和商用渦輪螺旋槳飛機(jī)。5490米以上是重型噴氣式飛機(jī)的領(lǐng)域。這是因?yàn)閲姎獍l(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)在更高的海拔下可以更有效地運(yùn)行。E級(jí)和A級(jí)空域之間的區(qū)別在于，A級(jí)空域中的所有操作都是IFR，并且飛行員必須具有儀器等級(jí)，即熟練使用飛機(jī)儀表并具備執(zhí)照。這是因?yàn)閷?duì)整個(gè)空域進(jìn)行ATC控制至關(guān)重要。其他三種類(lèi)型的空域，D、C和B級(jí)，控制著機(jī)場(chǎng)附近。它們大致對(duì)應(yīng)小型城市，中型城市和主要城市的機(jī)場(chǎng)，并且包含越來(lái)越嚴(yán)格的法規(guī)。例如，所有VFR飛行員在進(jìn)入C級(jí)空域時(shí)必須建立與ATC的雙向無(wú)線(xiàn)電聯(lián)系。盡管飛行員必須繼續(xù)遵守有關(guān)VFR飛行的所有規(guī)定，但不需要ATC的明確許可即可進(jìn)入。要進(jìn)入B級(jí)空域，例如接近大都市機(jī)場(chǎng)時(shí)，需要明確的ATC許可。未經(jīng)許可進(jìn)入該領(lǐng)空航行的私人飛行員可能會(huì)失去執(zhí)照。

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