托福閱讀真題Official 51 Passage 3（七）

托福閱讀真題Official 51 Passage 3（七）

Population Growth in Nineteenth-Century Europe

Because of industrialization,but also because of a vast increase in agricultural output without which industrialization would have been impossible,Western Europeans by the latter half of the nineteenth century enjoyed higher standards of living and longer,healthier lives than most of the world’s peoples.In Europe as a whole,the population rose from 188 million in 1800 to 400 million in 1900.By 1900,virtually every area of Europe had contributed to the tremendous surge of population,but each major region was at a different stage of demographic change.

Improvements in the food supply continued trends that had started in the late seventeenth century.New lands were put under cultivation,while the use of crops of American origin,particularly the potato,continued to expand.Setbacks did occur.Regional agricultural failures were the most common cause of economic recessions until 1850,and they could lead to localized famine as well.A major potato blight(disease)in 1846-1847 led to the deaths of at least one million persons in Ireland and the emigration of another million,and Ireland never recovered the population levels the potato had sustained to that point.Bad grain harvests at the same time led to increased hardship throughout much of Europe.

After 1850,however,the expansion of foods more regularly kept pace with population growth,though the poorer classes remained malnourished.Two developments were crucial.First,the application of science and new technology to agriculture increased.Led by German universities,increasing research was devoted to improving seeds,developing chemical fertilizers,and advancing livestock.After 1861,with the development of land-grant universities in the United States that had huge agricultural programs,American crop-production research added to this mix.Mechanization included the use of horse-drawn harvesters and seed drills,many developed initially in the United States.It also included mechanical cream separators and other food-processing devices that improved supply.

The second development involved industrially based transportation.With trains and steam shipping,it became possible to move foods to needy regions within Western Europe quickly.Famine(as opposed to malnutrition)became a thing of the past.Many Western European countries,headed by Britain,began also to import increasing amounts of food,not only from Eastern Europe,a traditional source,but also from the Americas,Australia,and New Zealand.Steam shipping,which improved speed and capacity,as well as new procedures for canning and refrigerating foods(particularly after 1870),was fundamental to these developments.

Europe’s population growth included one additional innovation by the nineteenth century:it combined with rapid urbanization.More and more Western Europeans moved from countryside to city,and big cities grew most rapidly of all.By 1850,over half of all the people in England lived in cities,a first in human history.In one sense,this pattern seems inevitable:growing numbers of people pressed available resources on the land,even when farmwork was combined with a bit of manufacturing,so people crowded into cities seeking work or other resources.Traditionally,however,death rates in cities surpassed those in the countryside by a large margin;cities had maintained population only through steady in-migration.Thus rapid urbanization should have reduced overall population growth,but by the middle of the nineteenth century this was no longer the case.Urban death rates remained high,particularly in the lower-class slums,but they began to decline rapidly.

The greater reliability of food supplies was a factor in the decline of urban death rates.Even more important were the gains in urban sanitation,as well as measures such as inspection of housing.Reformers,including enlightened doctors,began to study the causes of high death rates and to urge remediation.Even before the discovery of germs,beliefs that disease spread by“miasmas”(noxious forms of bad air)prompted attention to sewers and open garbage;Edwin Chadwick led an exemplary urban crusade for underground sewers in England in the 1830s.Gradually,public health provisions began to cut into customary urban mortality rates.By 1900,in some parts of Western Europe life expectancy in the cities began to surpass that of the rural areas.Industrial societies had figured out ways to combine large and growing cities with population growth,a development that would soon spread to other parts of the world.

Question 13 of 14

Look at the four squares[■]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Such individual efforts had substantial,concrete effects on society.Where would the sentence best fit?Click on a square[■]to add the sentence to the passage.

正確答案：C

題目詳解

題型分類：插入句子題

題干分析：考察句子和句子之間的銜接判斷，插入句中的such individual efforts，預測前面會提到個人努力，had substantial,concrete effects on society，預測后面可能會講到影響是什么。

選項分析：

C選項前面講Edwin Chadwick領(lǐng)導了一場地下下水道改革運動，呼應individual efforts，后方講到公共衛(wèi)生規(guī)定開始降低傳統(tǒng)的城市死亡率，呼應had substantial和concrete effects on society，可知C選項正確。

A選項，沒講到individual efforts。

B選項，沒講到individual efforts。

D選項，前方已經(jīng)在講改革帶來的積極影響，而且后一句話也再講影響，這些信息應該放在帶插入句后面。

Question 14 of 14

Directions:An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.This question is worth 2 points.

Western Europe experienced a tremendous growth in population in the nineteenth century.

Answer Choices:

A.

Agricultural failures became less damaging after 1850 because of advances in science and technology as well as improvements in the transportation and preservation of foods.

B.

Although agricultural failures led to deaths and emigration,population levels were restored within a short time.

C.

The development of better food-processing technologies allowed many Western European countries to grow their own food without having to import it from other countries.

D.

As the population in the countryside began increasing faster than the supply of food and living space,people began moving to the cities in search of jobs and other resources.

E.

High death rates in the cities began to decline as food supplies became more reliable and as reformers prompted improvements in sanitation and housing.

F.

The improvements in crop-growing methods created new jobs on the farms,causing people from the overcrowded cities to move to the countryside to fill those jobs.

正確答案：ADE

題目詳解

題型分類：文章總結(jié)題

題干分析：選擇概括性的正確選項。

選項分析：

A選項，對應第三和第四段的內(nèi)容，科學技術(shù)進步對應第三段第二句話開始，交通進步對應第四段第一句話開始。

D選項，對應文章第五段內(nèi)容，尤其是第二句話。

E選項，對應第六段前兩句。

B選項，對應第二段倒數(shù)第二句，與原文反向，文章說never recovered the population levels。

C選項，對應到第三段結(jié)尾句，選項中to grow their own food without having to import it from other countries原文未提及。

F選項，對應第五段第二句，與原文反向，原文moved from countryside to city，選項people from the overcrowded cities to move to the countryside。

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