托福閱讀指代類題

很多同學(xué)都很關(guān)注托福閱讀指代類題這個問題，那么接下來就跟著中國教育在線小編一起來看看吧，相信你通過以下的文章內(nèi)容就會有更深入的了解。

托福 閱讀指代類題

托福閱讀中的指代題是出鏡率相當(dāng)高的題型之一，此外，在非托福的各種考試中，學(xué)生也常常會遇到類似的指代題，所以掌握指代題的題型分類和解題技巧對考學(xué)來說都是非常重要技能。

例一：Like the dinosaurs, some the pterosaurs became gigantic; the largest fossil　discovered is of an individual that had a wingspan of 50 feet or more, larger than many　airplanes. These flying reptiles had large, tooth-filled jaws, but their bodies were small and　probably without the necessary powerful muscles for sustained wing movement. They　must have been expert gliders, not skillful fliers, relying on wind power for their　locomotion.

The word "They" in line 10 refers to

A.powerful muscles

B.bodies

C.jaws

D.flying reptiles

例二：With the advent of projection, the viewer's relationship with the image was no longer　private, as it had been with earlier peepshow devices such as the Kinetoscope and the　Mutoscope, which was a similar machine that reproduced motion by means of successive　images on individual photographic cards instead of on strips of celluloid. It suddenly　became public—an experience that the viewer shared with dozens, scores, and even　hundreds of others.

The word “It” in the passage refers to

A.The advent of projection

B.The viewer's relationship with the image

C.A similar machine

D.Celluloid

例三：By holding in rather than venting "steam," we set the stage for future explosions.　Pent-up aggressive impulses demand outlets. They may be expressed toward parents inindirect ways such as destroying furniture, or they may be expressed toward strangers　later in life.

The word “they” in the passage refers to

A.future explosions

B.pent-up aggressive impulses

C.outlets

D.indirect ways

例四：Beneath the crust lies the mantle, a very different layer that extends approximately　halfway to the Earth's center. There the rock is the subject of a battle between increasing　heat and growing pressure.

3. The word "There" in line 12 refers to the

A.mantle

B.crust

C.seabed

D.Earth's center.

托福閱讀指代題的解題方法

一、 問題形式被考的文章中有一個詞或詞組被加亮，這個詞通常是一個代詞或名詞。指代題的形式如下：

The word (or phrase) X in the passage refers to

二、 解題步驟

1.根據(jù)解題技巧確定答案

2.代入原文驗(yàn)證，看語義、邏輯和語法上是否通順

三、基本原則

1.就近指代所謂就近指代，就是被指代對象通常在指代詞前不遠(yuǎn)處，如本句或　　上一句中。有時也出現(xiàn)在更前面的一句中。例如，

Large wind farms might also interfere with the flight patterns of migratory birds in certain areas, and they have killed large birds of prey (especially hawks, falcons, and eagles) that prefer to hunt along the same ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines. The killing of birds of prey by wind turbines has pitted environmentalists who champion wildlife protection against environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy. Researchers are evaluating how serious this problem is and hope to find ways to eliminate or sharply reduce this problem.

The phrase this problem in the passage refers to interference with the flight patterns of migrating birds in certain areas building ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines the killing of birds of prey by wind turbines meeting the demands of environmentalists who promote　renewable wind energy

本題涉及的是一個詞組this problem.尋找這一詞組的指代對象時只需向上搜索就行。根據(jù)就近原則，前一句中的主語the killing of birds of prey by wind turbines可以初步確定為答案。將其代入原文，符合語義和邏輯，因此第三個選項(xiàng)為正確答案。第一個選項(xiàng)和第三個選項(xiàng)都和this problem相距較遠(yuǎn)，而且代入時語義和邏輯上不通，因此為干擾選項(xiàng)。

2.數(shù)格一致被指代對象通常與指代詞在數(shù)(如單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù))和格(主格或賓格)兩方面相同。如單數(shù)代詞one指代單數(shù)名詞，復(fù)數(shù)代詞they指代復(fù)數(shù)名詞。

四、主要思路 1.主從復(fù)合句中的指代在主從復(fù)合句中，第二句的代詞主語經(jīng)常指代第一句的名詞主語。例如，

The fins are stiff, smooth, and narrow, qualities that also help cut drag. When not in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours. The word they in the passage refers to qualities fins　　grooves depressions

在這一例子中，從句so that they…中的代詞主語they指代主句的名詞主語the fins，因此第二個選項(xiàng)為正確答案。

如果主從復(fù)合句中一個句子(可以是主句，也可以是從句)使用被動語態(tài)，包含被動語態(tài)的句子中的主語常指代另一句中的賓語。例如，Similarly, a plant or animal cannot squander all its energy on growing a big body if none would be left over for reproduction, for this is the surest way to extinction.　　The word none in the passage refers to food plant or animal energy big body

在本例中，if引導(dǎo)的從句使用了被動語態(tài)，代詞主語none指代前面主句中的賓語energy.因此，第三個選項(xiàng)為正確答案。

2.并列動詞中的指代如果一個句中有兩個并列的動詞，第二個動詞的代詞賓語經(jīng)常指代前一個動詞后的名詞賓語。例如，

Artists are recognizing the distinction between public and private spaces, and taking that into account when executing their public commissions.

The word “that” in line 27 refers to

(A)contemporary art

(B)opportunity

(C)audience

(D)distinction

句中有兩個并列的動詞recognizing和 taking (into account)，其中recognizing的賓語是distinction，而taking 的賓語是 that.根據(jù)上述技巧，that指代distinction.因此，(D)為正確答案。

3.平行結(jié)構(gòu)中的指代

平行結(jié)構(gòu)主要包括some/most/many/such/each…, others…; not only…but also…; the former…the latter等。在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，平行結(jié)構(gòu)兩個部分的兩個代詞經(jīng)常指代同一對象：前一句中的名詞主語。例如，　　In Southwest France in the 1940s, playing children discovered Lascaux Grotto, a series of narrow cave chambers that contain huge prehistoric paintings of animals. Many of these beasts are as large as 16 feet (almost 5 meters). Some follow each other in solemn parades, but others swirl about, sideways and upside down.

The word others in the passage refers to　chambers paintings beasts parades

原文包含平行結(jié)構(gòu)some…others，它們都指代前一句中的名詞主語beasts，因此第三個選項(xiàng)為正確答案。

4.所有格的指代

所有格代詞經(jīng)常指代其前面與其最接近的名詞。例如，F(xiàn)olk-made objects give way to their popular equivalent, usually because the popular item is more quickly or cheaply produced, is easier or time saving to use, or lends more prestige to the owner.

The word “their” in line 1 refers to

(A)folk

(B)nations

(C)countries

(D)objects

根據(jù)所有格指代的解題技巧，their指代前面位置最近的名詞objects，因此(D)為正確答案。 5.指代的接力棒現(xiàn)象這一現(xiàn)象是指被考的代詞對應(yīng)前面一個相同的代詞，而前面的代詞指代更前一句中的名詞。例如，

While such interviews can be highly entertaining, they are not necessarily an accurate indication of public opinion. First, they reflect the opinions of only those people who appear at a certain location.

The word “they” in line 8 refers to

(A)North Americans

(B)news shows

(C)interviews

(D)opinions

在這一例子中，第二句中的代詞they(reflect the opinions…)對應(yīng)第一句中的they(are not…)，而第一個they指代前面從句中的名詞主語interviews，那么第二個they也指代interviews，因此(C)為正確答案。

除了上述情況之外，其他指代，如定語從句中(of which…, in which…, from which…)的關(guān)系代詞指代先行詞，from there結(jié)構(gòu)中的t here指代前面最接近的地點(diǎn)名詞等，限于篇幅，不再詳述。

通過上面的例子和講解，相信大家對托福閱讀指代題的解答有了一個全新的認(rèn)識，希望對大家托福閱讀提分有幫助。最后，小編預(yù)祝大家托福考試能取得理想的成績。

指代題提分要點(diǎn)解析

在托福閱讀的考試中，其中代詞指代題為必考內(nèi)容，共考察2-3題。從很多托福考試過來人的經(jīng)驗(yàn)中都是可以告訴我們，指代題還是有著其一些的規(guī)律可循的。下面我們就為大家詳細(xì)介紹一下托福閱讀指代題的解題規(guī)律。

這類題目需要考生具備語法分析和快速定位的能力。對于大多數(shù)考生來說，代詞指代題屬于“勢在必得”類，但在備考過程中必須復(fù)習(xí)鞏固相關(guān)語法知識，并輔以大量練習(xí)，才能在考場上應(yīng)付自如。因此對于備考時間緊、課業(yè)壓力大的考生來說，付出的時間和精力與最終得分明顯不成正比。

而事實(shí)上，多年的教學(xué)實(shí)踐告訴我們，這類題目有跡可循，有規(guī)律可利用，解決它只要五分鐘?？忌灰斡浺韵驴谠E就能做到“省時省力”快速得分。

見到代詞找指代，指代通常在前方;

主代主，賓代賓，所有格，就近找;

平行結(jié)構(gòu)有搭配，多重指代層層推;

單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)都對應(yīng)，主動被動要分清;

定位排除和代入，驗(yàn)證語意要記牢。

1、“見到代詞找指代，指代通常在前方”。這句話是代詞指代題的總則，考生務(wù)必牢記：代詞永遠(yuǎn)出現(xiàn)在原詞之后，原詞永遠(yuǎn)出現(xiàn)在代詞之前。根據(jù)這條原則考生可以快速排除選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)在代詞之后的詞匯，鎖定正確答案。

2、“主代主，賓代賓，所有格，就近找”。代詞指代的語法規(guī)則非常嚴(yán)格，因此考生要優(yōu)先考慮代詞在句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞郑褐髡Z、賓語、還是所有格代詞，然后在前句中快速尋找對應(yīng)的語法成分就可以輕松解題。僅依靠這條規(guī)律就可以解決大部分代詞指代類題目，例如：

When small fish venture too close to the tentacles of these "living flowers"， they are stung and eaten.

題目中代詞“they”在主句中充當(dāng)主語成分，考生迅速定位前方從句中的主語“small fish”，題目就迎刃而解。

又例如所有格代詞(你的、我的、他的等等)通常指代前文中最靠近該代詞的核心名詞：

Florists often refrigerate cut flowers to protect their fresh appearance.

題目中的所有格代詞“their”之前有兩個名詞“florists”和“flowers”，語法基礎(chǔ)薄弱的考生要花些時間才能弄清楚所謂“他(它)們的”究竟是誰們的?事實(shí)上根據(jù)“就近原則”，在距離代詞最近的地方找到符合句中語意的核心名詞，就可以鎖定答案。而上述句中距離“their”最近的名詞時“flowers”，因此正確答案就是它。

3、“平行結(jié)構(gòu)有搭配，多重指代層層推”。所謂平行結(jié)構(gòu)實(shí)質(zhì)就是分層次描述，閱讀部分經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)“not only...， but also...”，“one...， the other...”，“some...， others...”等固定搭配對兩層或多層語意進(jìn)行描寫，通過對這種常見結(jié)構(gòu)的把握，考生就可以快速鎖定答案。例如：

Many adults， poor and disillusioned with farm life， were lured to the cities by promises of steady employment， regular paychecks， increased access to goods and services， and expanded social opportunities. Others were pushed therewhen new technologies made their labor cheap or expendable.

雖然上述語句語法結(jié)構(gòu)和語意都較為復(fù)雜，但不難看出題目中“many people...， others...”是固定搭配，因此“others”做為代詞所指代的名詞必定是前文中的“many people”，正確答案應(yīng)為“adults”。

此外，為了增加難度，對于代詞指代的考察也經(jīng)常在定位方面設(shè)置障礙，既通過一層推理很難鎖定目標(biāo)詞匯。因此考生需要多一點(diǎn)耐心和多一份細(xì)心，在前文內(nèi)容中層層回溯，逐一定位，抽絲剝繭，最終必然能夠順利解題。例如：

The principal difference between urban growth in Europe and in the North American colonies was the slow evolution of cities in the former and their rapid growth in the latter. In Europe they grew over a period of centuries form towneconomies to their present urban structures. In North America， they started as wilderness communities and developed to mature urbanism in little more than a century.

本題看似復(fù)雜，其實(shí)通過層層倒推，鎖定目標(biāo)詞“cities”并不十分困難。

4、“單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)都對應(yīng)，主動被動要分清”。代詞指代題中有一些常見陷阱，例如同時出現(xiàn)大量名詞，有單數(shù)、有復(fù)數(shù)、有可數(shù)名詞、也有不可數(shù)名詞，讓考生霧里看花;或是將前文中的主動句改寫成后文的被動句，顛三倒四，讓考生頭暈?zāi)X脹。破解這種陷阱的手法其實(shí)很簡單，無論怎樣變化，代詞指代總有一定之規(guī)，例如：

In the past， biologists considered mushrooms and other fungi as a type of non-free plant. Today， however， they are most commonly regarded as a separate kingdom of living things.

本題中就不宜直接使用前文提到的“主語帶主語”原則。代詞出現(xiàn)的語句是被動句，因此“they”不再指代前文主語，而是指代前文中的賓語。那么“they”指代“mushrooms and other fungi”還是“non-free plant”呢?考生不必感動彷徨無助，口訣中已經(jīng)明確指出，代詞的單復(fù)數(shù)必然與原詞單復(fù)數(shù)一致，因此正確答案只能是“mushrooms and other fungi”。

5、“定位排除和代入，驗(yàn)證語意要記牢”。總而言之，代詞指代題的解題步驟清晰明了：第一步定位文中代詞，用上述方法搜索原詞;第二步分析選項(xiàng)，排除位置和語意不符的詞匯;第三步帶入原句中簡單翻譯，進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證。

以上，就是本文的全部內(nèi)容分享，希望能給同學(xué)們帶來參考，如果您還有托福閱讀指代類題其他方面的疑問，歡迎隨時在線咨詢客服老師。

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